The Skeletal System

1. The Skeletal System Bone Diseases, Disorders, & Injuries

2. Overview • Three divisions for our discussion • Types of fractures • Postural Deformities • Conditions and Diseases

3. Fractures • Are cracks or breaks within the bone • They can result from extreme loads, sudden impacts, stresses from unusual directions and disease • The severity of a fracture depends upon its location and the damage done to the bone and tissue near it • As long as circulation is maintained and the periosteum survives, bone will heal • There are several types of fractures within four categories

4. Categories of Fractures • Displaced: fractures in which the broken surfaces of bone are forced from their normal positions • Various types of displaced fractures • Are classified by the angle and the strength of the blow • Non-displaced: fractures in which the bone cracks either partially or completely but maintains its proper alignment • Open: fractures in which the bone breaks through the skin • Closed: fractures in which the bone breaks but there is no puncture or open wound through the skin

5. Types of Fractures • A Greenstick fractureis an incomplete break or bending of the bone • Most common in children whose bones are still flexible • A transverse fracture is when the broken piece of bone is at a right angle to the bone’s axis • Such fractures are usually stable and the broken surfaces are unlikely to move • A comminuted fracture results from a direct impact shattering the bone into several fragments • Most common in traffic accidents

6. Types of Fractures • A buckled fractureis one whose ends are driven into each other. • As known as an impacted fracture • Commonly seen in arm fractures of children • An oblique fracture is when the break has a curved or sloped pattern • Spiral fractureshappen when a sharp, twisting force breaks a bone diagonally across the shaft • Compression: fractures that occur when spongy bone is crushed

7. Types of Fractures • Stress: fractures caused by prolonged or repeated force straining the bone which develops a hairline crack • A pathologic fracture is caused by a disease that weakens the bones • Compound fractures are a type of open fracture in which the bone protrudes through the skin

8. Comminuted Fracture Greenstick Fracture Transverse Fracture Spiral Fracture

9. Scoliosis • Is a sideways curvature of the spine that occurs most often during the growth spurt just before puberty • The majority of cases are idiopathic, meaning that the cause is unknown • Although it appears to involve hereditary factors because the disorder tends to run in families • It is more prevalent in teenagers and females • Approximately 7 million people in United States

10. Scoliosis

11. Kyphosis • Is the curvature of the upper spine • Also called Hunchback or Humpback • It is a progressive spinal disorder that can affect children or adults • It can result from degenerative disease, developmental problems, osteoporosis, or trauma

12. Kyphosis

13. Lordosis • Is the excessive curvature of the spine in the lower back • Also called swayback • This leads to excess pressure on the spine, causing pain • People with it have visible arch in their lower backs, with a “C” shape • It appears in childhood without any known cause • It can potentially result from poor posture, obesity, osteoporosis and achondroplasia

14. Lordosis

15. Osteoporosis • Is a disorder in which bones become weaker and are more likely to fracture • It is a silent disease • It develops when the rate at which fibers, minerals, and cells are broken down is faster than the rate at which new tissue is formed • Risk factors include: aging, smoking, rheumatoid arthritis, being small & thin, family history, certain medications, being a white or Asian woman, overactive thyroid, or havingosteopenia(low bone mass) • Preventive measures include taking calcium and vitamin D in your early years in life

16. Osteoporosis

17. Osteogenesis imperfecta • Also known as brittle bone disease • It is a genetic disorder in which bones break easily due to a defect in the gene for the production of collagen • It can also cause weak muscles, brittle teeth, a curved spine and hearing loss • There is no cure and treatments are limited to exercise, pain medications, physical therapy, wheelchairs, braces, and surgery

18. Osteogenesis imperfecta

19. Osteomyelitis • Is an infection of the bone or bone marrow • It affects 2 out of every 10,000 people • Most commonly caused by the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus • Generally affects young and elderly people, those with reduced immunity, and sickle-cell anemics • Treatment is prolonged antibiotic therapy

20. Osteomyelitis

21. Osteonecrosis • Also known as aseptic necrosis, avascular necrosis, and ischemic necrosis • Literal translation means “death of the bone” • Happens when your bones lose their blood supply • It is most common in the upper leg, upper arm, knees, shoulders and ankles • Affects both men and women of any age • Cause of the disease is not known but risk factors include: long-term steroid use, alcohol abuse, joint injuries, and other diseases

22. Osteonecrosis

23. Paget’s Disease • Is also known as Osteitis defomans • This disease causes your bones to grow larger and weaker than normal • It can also lead to other health problems such as, arthritis and hearing loss • It can be in any bone but it is most common in the spine, pelvis, skull, and legs • More men than women are affect by the disease and it is more common in people over the age of 50 • Its cause is unknown but it tends to run in families • It is treated with medicine and sometimes surgery

24. Spina Bifida • Is a birth defect that involves the incomplete development of the spinal cord or the structures surrounding it • Spina bifida occurs at the end of the first month of pregnancy when the two sides of the embryo's spine fail to join together, leaving an open area • In some cases, the spinal cord or other membranes may push through this opening in the back • The condition usually is detected before a baby is born and treated right away • The causes of spina bifida are largely unknown • Incidence is 6 per 100,000 births

25. Spina Bifida

26. Disk Prolapse • Is also known as a herniated or slipped disk • It is the protrusion from one of the shock-absorbing pads between the vertebrae • It happens when the outer layer of the cartilage disk ruptures causing some of the core material to bulge out • It can be caused by an accident, normal wear and tear with aging, or excessive pressure from awkward lifting

27. Disk Prolapse

28. Bunions • Consists of inflamed, thickened soft tissue and bony outgrowths at the base of the big toe • It is usually caused by hallux valgus, in which the big toe bends in toward the other toes • It is more common in women and runs in families • When severe, it can be corrected with surgery

29. Bone Spurs • Are bony projections that develop along the edges of bones • Also known as osteophytes, they often form in your joints • Common locations for bone spurs are in the heel bone of the foot, around joints that have degenerated cartilage, and in the spine adjacent to degenerated discs • The main cause of bone spurs is the joint damage associated with osteoarthritis or inflammation • Most bone spurs cause no • If treatment is required, then over-the counter painkillers are used or in more severe cases surgical removal.

30. Bone Spurs

31. Bursitis • Is the inflammation of the bursa, which is the cushioning pad at or near a joint • It causes pain, redness, and swelling • Prolonged or repeated pressure, or sudden excessive stress at a joint can cause it • Risk factors include: rheumatoid arthritis, gout, previous joint injury, or repetitive motion of a joint • Treatments include: rest, anti-inflammatory drugs, draining excess synovial fluid, and corticosteroids

32. Shoulder Bursitis

33. Arthritis • Is inflammation of the joints • Three main types: • Osteoarthritis • Rheumatoid arthritis • Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis

34. Osteoarthritis • Also called degenerative joint disease • Is the most common form of arthritis • The disease breaks down cartilage in your joints, causing your bones to rub together, damaging the joint and causing pain • Over time, the joint experiences restricted movement • It is usually localized to 1 joint • Risk factors include: being overweight, aging, and joint injuries • It is most common in people over the age of 60

35. Rheumatoid Arthritis • Also known as RA • Causes pain, swelling, stiffness and loss of function in your joints • It is more common in women than men and it starts between the ages of 25 and 55 • Symptoms can come and go or last a lifetime • It is an autoimmune disease,which means it results from your own immune system attacking your body’s tissues • Its cause is believed to be a combination of genetics and environmental influences • Treatment includes: anti-inflammatory drugs and immunity-suppressing drugs

36. Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis • Also known as JRA, Still’s disease, & childhood arthritis • Happens in children age 16 or younger • Symptoms come and go in flare-ups • It is an autoimmune disorder that can go into remission or remain for a lifetime (becoming RA) • It can also cause growth problems in children

37. osteoarthritis vs rheumatoid arthritis

38. Bone Cancer • Two main types of bone cancer: • Primary cancer which originates within a bone • Secondary cancer which originates somewhere else in the body and spreads (metastases) to bone • Surgery, amputation, chemotherapy and radiation are the common treatments

39. Primary Bone Cancer • Is very rare • It is most likely to occur in children and adolescents • Osteosarcoma: is primary bone cancer that happens in growing bones between ages 10 and 25 • It affects the long bones of the body • Chrondrosarcoma: is primary bone cancer that starts in the cartilage • It usually happens after age 50 • It affects the pelvis, ribs and breastbone

40. Secondary Bone Cancer • Is more frequent than primary bone cancer • It is usually the result of cancer cells spreading from a primary tumor elsewhere in the body • It is more likely to occur in older people • Cancers in the breast, lung, thyroid, kidney, and prostate most often lead to secondary bone cancer • One type of secondary bone cancer: • Ewing’s sarcoma: begins in the nerve tissue within the bone marrow of young people after treatment with radiation or chemotherapy for other cancers