R egional Issues: Asia Pacific

1. Regional Issues: AsiaPacific CV Mohan and Eduardo M. Leaño Network of Aquaculture Centres in Asia-Pacific Bangkok, Thailand OIE Global Conference on AAH-Panama

2. Outline • Aquaculture in Asia-Pacific (AP) • Aquatic animal health in AP • AP regional health program • Regional issues and concerns • Conclusions and way forward OIE Global Conference on AAH-Panama

3. Some Facts • Global fish production • 145 mmt in 2009 • Aquaculture fastest growing food producing sector (8-10% growth) • 3% for live stock and 1.6% for capture fisheries • Aquaculture now accounts to almost 50% of world’s food fish OIE Global Conference on AAH-Panama

4. Consumption and Need • Fish consumption has been on the rise • A-P accounts for nearly 70% of global consumption • Per caput • A-P: 43 kg/year • Global: 22 kg/year • Based on current consumption • By 2050: An extra 30 million tonnes needed • Where does this “need” come from? • AQUACULTURE is the answer OIE Global Conference on AAH-Panama

5. Asia-Pacific • Top aquaculture producer in the world • In 2008, almost 90% of world aquaculture production. Oceania: 172,214 T (0.3%) Americas: 2,405,166 T (4.6%) Europe: 2,341,339 T (4.5%) Asia-Pacific: 46,687,046 T (88.8%) Source: FAO, 2010 OIE Global Conference on AAH-Panama

6. Dominance of Asia-Pacific • A-P dominated aquaculture globally OIE Global Conference on AAH-Panama

7. Asia-Pacific Top aquaculture (aquatic animals) producers in the world in 2008 (FAO, 2010) OIE Global Conference on AAH-Panama

8. Top 10 finfish species that are produced around the world (2008). Source: FAO, 2010 OIE Global Conference on AAH-Panama

9. Top 10 finfish species that are produced around the world (2008). Source: FAO, 2010 OIE Global Conference on AAH-Panama

10. Pacific white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) Vol. = 2,259,183 T Val. = ~9 Billion US$ Manila Clam (Ruditapes philippinarum) Vol. = 3,141,851 T Val. = ~3 Billion US$ OIE Global Conference on AAH-Panama

11. Asian Aquaculture is Small scale • ‘Farmer owned/ leased, operated and managed’ • Indonesia • Freshwater ponds: 0.14 ha • Thailand • Coastal pond: 0.8 ha • Freshwater pond: 0.28 ha • Vietnam catfish culture • >55% under 4 ha • But production per ha very high, average 350-400 t/ha/crop • Aquaculture in Asia will remain small-scale • Health strategies have to “factor” this in OIE Global Conference on AAH-Panama

12. Aquaculture trends in AP • Aquaculture will intensify, diversify, and expand • Production of all species groups will be increased • New species will appear (exotics, e.g. P.vannamei) • All environments will be increasingly utilized • Increasing influence of markets, trade and consumption (food safety) • More and more resources will be used • International trade in live aquatic animals and their products will increase OIE Global Conference on AAH-Panama

13. Implications • Increasing intensification • more disease outbreaks and disease emergencies • Continued diversification of species • Increased risk of introduction and spread of pathogens (Trans-boundary pathogens) • Continued diversification of farming systems • Potential for spread of pathogens to wider geographical areas • Economic and social cost of disease is enormous (e.g. One billion $ annual loss in China) OIE Global Conference on AAH-Panama

14. Serious diseases in AP • Fish • Epizootic ulcerative syndrome (EUS) • koi herpes virus disease (KHVD) • Viral nervous necrosis (VNN) • Grouper iridoviral disease (GID) OIE Global Conference on AAH-Panama

15. Finfish Diseases (2010)

16. Serious diseases in AP • Crustaceans • White spot disease (WSD) • Taura syndrome (TS) • Infectious myonecrosis (IMN) • White tail disease (WTD) OIE Global Conference on AAH-Panama

17. Crustacean Diseases (2010)

18. Emerging diseases in AP • Crustaceans • Monodon Slow growth syndrome (TGAV/LSV ??) • Loose Shell syndrome in P.monodon • Abdominal segment deformity syndrome in P.vannamei • White faeces syndrome in vannamei and tiger • Finfish • Edwardsiella tarda in marine species • Streptococcus agalactiae major problem in Tilapia culture • Streptococcus iniae in marine and also freshwater species • Tenacibaculum maritimum in marine species • Mollusk • Ganglioneuritis in abalone OIE Global Conference on AAH-Panama

19. Asia Regional Aquatic Animal Health Programme • Reduce risks of aquatic animal disease impacting on livelihoods of aquaculture farmers, national economies, trade and human health • Program in 21 countries coordinated and facilitated by intergovernmental NACA OIE Global Conference on AAH-Panama

20. Outputs (2000-2010) • Regional and international cooperation in aquatic animal health improved • Practical national strategies developed, adopted and implemented in member countries • Surveillance, reporting and response to disease emergencies in the region improved • Harmonized diagnostic procedures and approaches to risk assessment developed in the region • Widespread adoption of better aquatic animal health management practices in the region OIE Global Conference on AAH-Panama

21. Regional and international cooperation in aquatic animal health improved • Asia Regional Advisory Group (AG) on Aquatic Animal Health • 10-member expert group (aquatic health experts, OIE Aquatic Animal Health Standards Commission, FAO, OIE Regional Representation for Asia-Pacific and NACA); • Advises member governments of NACA • Revises the list of diseases for regional (QAAD) reporting system; • NACA facilitating annual Advisory Group meetings since 2002 (AGM9-in Bangkok in November 2010) • Reports tabled at the OIE-AAHSC meetings OIE Global Conference on AAH-Panama

22. Regional and international cooperation in aquatic animal health improved • EU-ASEM Aquaculture Platform under the EU-FP7 project (2009-2013) • Europe-Asia steering group on aquatic animal health established • Formal mechanism for utilizing the networks and expertise • Resource document of aquatic animal health networks and initiatives in Europe and Asia published • e-newsletter and active discussion forums will be established • Project facilitated joint research proposals OIE Global Conference on AAH-Panama

23. Regional resource base identified and operational 3-tier Regional Resource Base Regional Resource Experts (RRE) Regional Resource Centres (RRC) Regional Reference Laboratories (RRL) OIE Global Conference on AAH-Panama

24. National strategies developed and implemented in the region • Asia Regional Technical Guidelines (TG): Global Context. • Consistent with FAO code of conduct for responsible fisheries • OIE Aquatic Code and Aquatic Manual • ICES protocols • Adopted by 21 countries in Asia-Pacific • Adopted by ASWGFi of the ASEAN • Promoting implementation of TG is the main focus of NACA’s health program OIE Global Conference on AAH-Panama

25. Status of National Strategies (2008) OIE Global Conference on AAH-Panama

26. Sub-regional agreements implemented • SOPs for health certification and quarantine Measures for the Responsible Movement of Live Food Finfish within ASEAN(2007) • AADCP-RPS project (NACA, ASEC, AusVet, ASEAN governments) • Participated by all 10 ASEAN countries • Final draft of SOPs completed in Feb 2007 • Has become an ASEAN policy document OIE Global Conference on AAH-Panama

27. Harmonized diagnostic procedures and approaches to risk assessment developed in the region • Facilitating research towards improved diagnostics (e.g. use of PCR; histopathology, epidemiology, etc) • Inter-calibration of fish health services (e.g. PCR calibration among Aquatic Animal Health Services in India, Indonesia and Vietnam); • Capacity building in risk analysis (e.g. APEC-funded project on Import Risk Analysis; 2002-2004) OIE Global Conference on AAH-Panama

28. PCR application in national surveillance programs (source=QAAD) OIE Global Conference on AAH-Panama

29. Comparison of PCR service providing laboratory performances – India, Indonesia and Vietnam OIE Global Conference on AAH-Panama

30. Surveillance, reporting and response to disease emergencies • Utilizing the regional expertise to address disease emergencies • Emergency technical mission to Indonesia in 2002, in the wake of KHV outbreaks • Emergency technical mission to Iran, in the wake of WSD outbreaks in Busher province in 2005 • Emergency technical assistance to Indonesia in 2006, in the wake of IMNV outbreaks • Emergency technical assistance to Vietnam in 2007, in the wake of milky lobster disease • Initiating emergency assistance to Vietnam in 2011 in the wake of serious shrimp diseases OIE Global Conference on AAH-Panama

31. Surveillance, reporting and response to disease emergencies • NACA/FAO/OIE Quarterly Aquatic Animal Disease (QAAD) Reporting • QAAD has been initiated since the 3rd quarter of 1998; • Till date 50 QAAD reports published • Recommendation from NACA/OIE Expert Consultation in 1996; OIE Global Conference on AAH-Panama

32. Myanmar 21 Participating Countries OIE Global Conference on AAH-Panama

33. Quarterly Aquatic Animal Disease (QAAD) Reporting (Asia-Pacific) • List of diseases revised annually by the AG; • Includes all OIE listed diseases plus diseases of regional concern. OIE Global Conference on AAH-Panama

34. Quarterly Aquatic Animal Disease (QAAD) Reporting (Asia-Pacific) • Disease reporting by member governments has improved significantly in recent years. • Efficient diagnostic techniques are now used to screen and detect many viral and bacterial pathogens of fish and shrimps. * I – observation of animal and the environment; clinical examination; II – parasitology, bacteriology, mycology and histopathology; III – virology, electron microscopy, molecular biology, immunology. OIE Global Conference on AAH-Panama

35. Quarterly Aquatic Animal Disease (QAAD) Reporting (Asia-Pacific) • Reports are widely distributed: printed copies and free downloads from NACA website (www.enaca.org) Total number of web downloads of each QAAD reports from 1998-2010. * Reports made available online in late July (Q1) and late October (Q2) 2010, and early February (Q3) 2011. OIE Global Conference on AAH-Panama

36. Quarterly Aquatic Animal Disease (QAAD) Reporting (Asia-Pacific) Aquatic animal diseases initially listed in QAAD that have been listed in OIE. (early warning system for emerging diseases) OIE Global Conference on AAH-Panama

37. Quarterly Aquatic Animal Disease (QAAD) Reporting (Asia-Pacific) Regional Aquatic animal diseases listed in QAAD (2011) OIE Global Conference on AAH-Panama

38. Quarterly Aquatic Animal Disease (QAAD) Reporting (Asia-Pacific) Benefits: • Serves as early warning system for emerging threats; • Valuable source of information to support risk analysis; • establishment of excellent regional networking in support of disease surveillance and reporting in the region. • Serves as guide to participating countries in revising their national list of reportable diseases • Very strongly complements and supports the OIE disease reporting systems OIE Global Conference on AAH-Panama

39. Quarterly Aquatic Animal Disease (QAAD) Reporting (Asia-Pacific) Way Forward: • Development of OIE/NACA WAHIS Regional Core is in progress; • OIE/NACA WAHIS Regional Core will replace the paper-based QAAD reporting system once it is fully implemented. OIE Global Conference on AAH-Panama

40. Widespread adoption of better aquatic animal health management practices in the region • Working with many governments and partners • Working on key commodities (shrimp, catfish) • Identifying risk factors and developing interventions (e.g. better management practices) • Promoting the adoption of BMPs through group/cluster approach • Example: 752 clusters with over 16,000 small farmers implementing shrimp BMPs in India OIE Global Conference on AAH-Panama

41. Widespread adoption of better aquatic animal health management practices in the region • Scientifically validated BMPs when applied properly by small scale farmers using the cluster/group approach will • improve production efficiency • reduce costs of production • maximize economic returns. • Support compliance to stringent food safety, aquatic animal health and market requirements. OIE Global Conference on AAH-Panama

42. Emerging Concerns in AP • 1. Spread of IMN in Indonesia • Potential for it to spread to other countries in the region • Potential for it to spread to native P.monodon • Need for a regional approach to prevent its spread • NACA IMN alert messages sent to all CA’s • IMN information brochure sent to all countries • Need for developing a regional contingency plan OIE Global Conference on AAH-Panama

43. Spread of IMNV in Indonesia (2006-2010) Initially reported in Situbondo District, East Java in May 2006 and was contained in this area until 2008. 2009: more districts of East Java (Situ, Banyuwangi, Blitar and Malang); Bali (Jembrana); Lampung (Pesawaran and South Lampung Dist.), West Nusa Tenggara (East Lombok) and Central Java (Jepara, Blora, Kendal and Rembang) 2010: more districts of East Java (Bangil, Pasuran and Lamongan); West Nusa Tenggara (West Sumbawa); West Java; Aceh; West Kalimantan; South Kalimantan. OIE Global Conference on AAH-Panama

44. Infectious Myonecrosis (IMN) Available for free download at www.enaca.org OIE Global Conference on AAH-Panama

45. Emerging Concerns in AP • 2. Major shrimp disease outbreak in Vietnam • Over 50,000 ha in 7 coastal provinces of Mekong Delta affected • Both tiger and white shrimp affected • Confirmatory diagnosis still not available • National, regional and international efforts are underway to address the situation OIE Global Conference on AAH-Panama

46. Emerging Concerns in AP • 3. Other unconfirmed shrimp disease problems • India (both tiger and white shrimp) • China (Hainan, Guangxi and Guangdong provinces) • Malaysia • Both tiger and white shrimp cultured together • Need for close monitoring, surveillance and follow up • Need for sharing the information OIE Global Conference on AAH-Panama

47. Emerging Concerns in AP • 4. Expansion of P.vannamei farming • Introduced to several countries in the region (e.g. China, Thailand, Indonesia, Vietnam, India, Philippines, Malaysia) • Limited understanding of the SPF concept • Market tool? • Health management tool to promote bio-security? • Using pond raised brood stock is a major concern • Not using the routine PCR seed screening tools while choosing SPF seed is a major worry (this is a very common practice for P.monodon seed selection) OIE Global Conference on AAH-Panama

48. Emerging Concerns in AP • 5. Exotic and native-long term outlook • Now in many countries both tiger and white shrimp are cultured in same geographical locations and in some cases as poly-culture • Provides excellent opportunities for transfer of pathogens between two species • Already the region has TSV and IMNV • P.vannamei has brought in lot of economic benefits but is there a time bomb waiting to explode? • Occurrence of exotic diseases in resource poor countries could pose significant risk to others OIE Global Conference on AAH-Panama

49. Emerging Concerns in AP • 6. WSD in Brunei • First report of WSSV from Brunei in P.stylirostris • Achieving fool proof bio-security is very difficult • This provided a good example of national efforts in containing the problem • Also showed that it is very expensive to implement a stamping out operation • Highlights the importance of timely availability of technical and financial resources OIE Global Conference on AAH-Panama

50. Emerging Concerns in AP • 7. Introduction of new stocks of native species • Introduction of wild P. monodon broodstock from Africa (Mozambique) and Australia to Asia for setting up domestication programs • Need for proper risk analysis • Tendency to lower the stringency for import requirements and health inspections as compared to an exotic species OIE Global Conference on AAH-Panama