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Transcription and Translation

This article explains the processes of transcription and translation in nucleic acids. It discusses the role of RNA in copying genetic information from DNA and synthesizing proteins. Key concepts such as transcription factors, mRNA processing, codons, ribosomes, and tRNA are also covered.

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Transcription and Translation

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  1. Transcription and Translation BIO 1113/1114 Oklahoma City Community College Dennis Anderson

  2. Nucleic Acids • DNA stores genetic information • RNA copies information from DNA and uses it to synthesize a specific protein

  3. RNA • Nucleic acid similar to DNA • Has ribose instead of deoxyribose • Has bases UACG • U takes the place of the DNA base T • Single stranded instead of double stranded

  4. = Ribose Base Phosphate RNA Nucleotide

  5. Nucleotides Form a Single Strand

  6. A C G T A Nucleotide Bases for RNA DNA Bases U G C A U RNA Bases Note that U pairs with A and there are no T’s in RNA

  7. Transcription • Copying information from DNA and changing it into the RNA format • Provides an RNA version of a gene • Only one gene is copied at a time

  8. Transcription Factors Open DNA at a Promoter Region Transcription Factor Promoter Region

  9. RNA Polymerase RNA Polymerase Attaches to DNA Transcription Factor Promoter Region

  10. RNA Polymerase Adds RNA Nucleotides to One DNA Strand

  11. Messenger RNA (mRNA) • RNA created during transcription is called messenger RNA • mRNA has the same message as the original DNA • mRNA is a copy of one gene in the RNA format • Initial mRNA must be “processed”

  12. Translation • Translating the message in mRNA into a protein molecule • Proteins are made of many amino acids • The message in mRNA is the sequence for the amino acids in a protein to be made

  13. Alanine Serine Glycine Isoleucine Beginning of a Protein Molecule

  14. Alanine Serine GCA UCC GGC AUC Glycine Isoleucine mRNA Determines Amino Acid Sequence • Each amino acid is specified by a codon in the mRNA • Codons are three letters in the mRNA

  15. Ribosome • Made of protein and RNA • Attaches to mRNA to start translation GCA UCC GGC AUC UCC

  16. Alanine Transfer RNA (tRNA) C G U Anticodon • Transfers a single amino acid to mRNA on the ribosomes • Anticodon matches codon

  17. Alanine CGU UCC GGC AUC Translation Animation GCA

  18. Alanine Serine AGG UCC GGC AUC Translation Animation CGU GCA

  19. Alanine Serine AGG CCG Glycine UCC GGC AUC Translation Animation CGU GCA

  20. Alanine Serine AGG CCG UAG Glycine UCC GGC AUC Isoleucine Translation Animation CGU GCA

  21. Proteins • Produced by translation • Made of amino acids • Sequence of amino acids in a protein is determined by letters in DNA. Letters in DNA are a gene • Copy of the gene is in mRNA • Each codon in mRNA codes for a specific amino acid.

  22. Transcription mRNA leaves the nucleus Translation Protein produced

  23. The End

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