巨石阵

1. 巨石阵 Stonehenge 制作人：五乙班 文伶伶

3. 概述 　　巨石阵又称索尔兹伯里石环、环状列石、太阳神庙、史前石桌、斯通亨治石栏、斯托肯立石圈等名，是欧洲著名的史前时代文化神庙遗址，位于英格兰威尔特郡索尔兹伯里平原，约建于公元前4000～2000年（2008年3月至4月，英国考古学家研究发现，巨石阵的准确建造年代 距今已经有4300年，即建于公元前2300年左右） 　　建筑结构 　　这个巨大的石建筑群位于一个空旷的原野上，占地大约11公顷，主要是由许多整块的蓝砂岩组成，每块约重50吨。巨石阵不仅在建筑学史上具有重要的地位，在天文学上也同样有着重大的意义：它的主轴线、通往石柱的古道和夏至日早晨初升的太阳，在同一条线上；另外，其中还有两块石头的连线指向冬至日落的方向。因此，人们猜测，这很可能是远古人类为观测天象而建造的，可以算是天文台最早的雏形了。 　　巨石阵的主体由几十块巨大的石柱组成，这些石柱排成几个完整的同心圆，巨石阵的外围是直径约90米的环形土沟与土岗，内侧紧挨着的是56个圆形坑，由于这一些坑是由英国考古学家约翰·奥布里发现的，因此又叫“奥布里”坑。在当地出现的第一块石头是位于圆圈“洞口”位置上的一块重约5吨的沙岩（又被称为“种石”）。在此石出现200年之后，若干石柱才从英格兰西部的威尔士运来，矗立在中央，并形成两个一大一小的圆周。考古学家称之为“巨石阵”的二期建筑。 　　再后者，“种石”被挪走，“巨石阵”进入了建筑的第三阶段——人们运来了180块大沙岩，与原来的青石柱重新排列成圆形和马蹄形结构。事实上从现有的遗迹上，人们也可窥见“巨石阵”第三阶段的基本风貌。据估算，以当时的生产力水平，建造“巨石阵”需要至少3000万小时的人工，相当于1万人工作整整1年。 　　巨石阵最不可思议的是石阵中心的巨石，这些巨石最高的有8米，平均重量近30吨，然而人们惊奇的发现，有不少重达7吨的巨石是横架在两根竖着的石柱上的。 英国索尔兹伯里是一座历史古城，距英国首都伦敦120多公里，在这座古城的附近有一个小村庄叫阿姆斯伯里，史前巨石阵就坐落在这里。 [编辑本段]

4. 三个重要时期 　　在公元前3300年到公元前900年这段时间中，巨石阵的建造有几个重要的阶段。 公元前3000年之前——这段时期的巨石阵分布在Irish海以及Irish-Scolttish海路信道的周边地区，数量不多但却令人印象深刻，直径超过30米以上，在圆阵之外都有一个独立石，似乎是一种宣告“此地已被占有”似的标示。 公元前2600年左右——金属被引入不列颠全岛，坚硬的凿刻工具被制作出来，这个时期的巨石阵更精致完美，像Somerset的Stanton Drew、Orkneys的BrodgarRing，直径超过90米。然而一些其它主要的石阵则小多了，一般只有18到30米。它们有个特殊的现象，就是除了圆形石阵之外，还会现椭圆形的石阵，长轴方向指向太阳和月亮的方位。数目在宗教上也呈现一个有趣的现象，我们发现不论巨石阵的圆周有多大，各地的立石数量都有独特的数目，如Lake District地区的数量都是12，Hebrides地区的则是13，苏格兰中部则是4、6或8个，Land's End地区是19或20个，而爱尔兰南部是5。 公元前2000年——在这个最后时期，以传统方法建立的巨石阵数量便开始减少。整体形状也不是很完美，不是呈现椭圆形就是扭曲的环状。在规模上也大不如前，有的直径甚至还不到3米。 [编辑本段]

5. 巨石阵的作用　 1997年，英国科学家在一次实验中发现，巨石阵具有令人惊异的声学特性。科学家们在一些巨石中放入先进的录音器材进行实验，发现组成巨石阵的巨大扁平石块能非常精确地放射巨石阵内部的回声，并将其集中于巨石阵的中心，形成共鸣效应。 　　科学家们推测，巨石阵很可能是古代祭祀的场所。早在17世纪，英国古董学家奥波雷就认为，巨石阵是罗马统治时期德鲁伊教的祭祀场所。相传德鲁伊教在英国索尔兹伯里平原上建造了巨石阵，目的是用来献祭太阳神，从此在巨石阵的故事里出现了德鲁伊教。德鲁伊教是公元前5世纪至公元前1世纪，散居在不列颠、爱尔兰等地的凯尔特人信仰的一种宗教。据说德鲁伊教的形式和教义非常神秘，凯撒远征高鲁时说，德鲁伊教士精通物理、化学，他们在树林中居住，甚至用活人献祭。在英国除了索尔兹伯里巨石阵外，还有900多座圆形巨石阵，这些巨石阵分布在英国不同的地区。 　　关于神秘的巨石阵，人们仍旧继续做着各种各样的推测和解释。2003年，考古学家在巨石阵不远的地方发现了一座古墓，墓中出土的陪葬品有100多件，包括金、银、铜等装饰品，陪葬品的数量要比同年代墓葬多达10倍，经专家考证，墓中的主人地位非常显赫，他就是阿彻。阿彻大约生活在公元前2300年，而这个阶段恰好是巨石阵形成的时期，考古人员发现，阿彻墓中的陪葬品大部分来自阿尔卑斯山，从阿彻遗留下的牙齿形状和损坏的程度检测来看，他的童年是在阿尔卑斯山区度过的，他很有可能是来自瑞士或者是奥地利一带。如果是阿彻建造了巨石阵，那么被视为英国古老象征的史前巨石阵将会是一名外来人的作品。考古学家们推测，几千年前的维赛克斯人和阿彻都有可能参加了巨石阵的建造，但从他们分别生活的时代可以看出，巨石阵的建造经过了一个漫长的时期。 2008年，英国考古学家杰弗里·温莱特和蒂莫西·达维尔认为，巨石阵无异于“新石器时代的卢尔德”。卢尔德是法国圣地，因被认为具有神奇的治疗功能而名噪一时。 　　墓葬用品散落在巨石阵及其岩石碎屑周围，代表一种避邪之物，表明巨石阵在古代的作用首先是一处朝圣地。同时，巨石阵一带发现了数量非比寻常的骨骼，上面均留有重病或重伤的迹象。对遗骸牙齿分析的结果表明，其中一半人来于巨石阵以外地区。 　　考古学家根据这次发掘结果推测，人们来到此地的原因或许是认为这里的石头具有治病“神力”。达维尔猜测，人们当时怀着一种悲伤、绝望的心情来到巨石阵。生病或受伤的古人来到那里，冀望“神石”能帮助他们康复。新的考古发现表明了巨石阵曾经是史前朝圣者的康复中心，验证了它在史前社会的重要性。 [编辑本段]

6. 巨石阵建造方法 　　具有千年历史的巨石阵在古代英语的意思是高悬在天上的石头，几千年前的人们究竟用什么方法建造了巨石阵呢？ 20世纪50年代，考古人员研究发现，史前巨石阵的建造期大概经历了三个阶段。第一阶段可追溯至公元前2800年左右的新石器时代晚期。不过当时并没有巨石，只是建造了一个能容纳数百人的圆形土堤，在土堤内挖出了56个圆形坑，据考证，坑内当时很可能埋入了木桩，而木桩的作用是用来测量季节变化的。 　　公元前2000年，铜器时代初期，人们对巨石阵的进口进行了改造，当时铺设了壕沟和两道500米长的人行道，被称作“斯泰申石碑”的四座石柱，竖立在了巨石阵内侧，在这个阶段，似乎曾决定在中央竖起两圈蓝砂岩石柱，大约竖起四分之三圈石柱之后，可能由于计划改变，这项工程突然停止，于是石柱被搬走坑被填平。 《国家地理》提供的“巨石阵”的照片

7. 大约在公元前1000年，巨石阵进入了建筑的第三个阶段，人们运来了100多块巨大的砂粒岩，并且建成了有大约在公元前1000年，巨石阵进入了建筑的第三个阶段，人们运来了100多块巨大的砂粒岩，并且建成了有 30多个石柱的外圈，在外圈里侧布置了马蹄形。在第三阶段中期，在这5座石碑坊的里侧布置了许多蓝砂岩石柱，其中蓝砂岩的石柱残存到了今天。 　　巨石阵的主要材料是蓝砂岩，小的有5吨，大的重达50吨。但在索尔兹伯里地区的山脉中并没有蓝砂岩。最后，考古学家在南威尔士普利赛力山脉中发现了蓝砂岩。考证结论说明，数千年前的人们，不仅能将坚硬的蓝砂岩从山体中开凿下来，还能轻松地将原本粗糙锐利的表面打磨光滑。考古人员在普利赛力山脉的采石场发现了一些废弃的石斧和金属工具，这些工具至少有两千多年的历史，考古人员推测，当时的建造者已经掌握了凿刻巨石的技术，巨石就是被这些工具从山体中开凿下来的。在找到需要的石块后，还要将这些较大的石块分割成预定尺寸的小石块，专家们从石块的开凿痕迹中判定，当时的人们用的是一种木楔断口的方法，接下来用非常硬的沙砾连续打磨石块，来完成巨石最后的修整工作。 　　这些巨石是怎样从南威尔士采石场运到索尔兹伯里巨石阵的呢？专家们经过初步考证认为，这些蓝砂岩确实是通过人力从南威尔士被搬运到现在的位置的。运输蓝砂岩最合理的路线是：巨石首先从普利塞里山经陆路到达靠近海岸的米尔福得港，然后将石料装上船，最后到达巨石阵。这条线路，水路长达300多公里，专家推测当时的人们已经能够制造出载运巨石的船只。 　　从普利塞里山脉到达巨石阵，陆地行程将近40多公里，当时的人们又是如何在陆地上运输这些巨石的呢？研究人员认为，运输巨石并不像想象的那么困难，运输的工具很可能是利用撬杠、滚木和绳子。古时候巨石阵周围的山谷里有茂密的树林，人们利用坚硬的树木充当滚木和撬杠，而一种叫做断树的树皮可以制造出绳子，考古学者首先将树皮放在湿泥里浸泡6个星期，树皮就变成了富有韧性的纤维，把它们绞在一起，就成了简单结实的绳索。 　　在没有起重设备的条件下，古人又是如何准确地将横梁放到石柱顶部的呢？专家们认为，架置石块横梁很可能用的是“土屯法”。专家介绍说，土屯法就是利用斜面原理，用很多的土把两个柱子埋起来，形成一座山形，高度就是这个石头要到的高度，做成一个斜坡，然后从斜坡上把石头拉上去，下面用撬杠，很可能要铺原木，就位之后把土挖掉。 　　在漫长的年代里，巨石阵犹如强劲的磁铁，一直吸引着人们的目光。许多人更愿意相信，这是远古祖先有意留给后人的一个巨大谜题。

8. Outline Megalith called Salisbury Shi Huan, the ring-like row stone, the solar temple, prehistoric Shi Zhuo, Stone Henry govern the stone fence, Stoke are willing to set up names and so on Shi Quan, is the Europe famous prehistoric age culture temple ruins, is located the English Wilt county Salisbury plain, constructed approximately in 4000~2000 B.C. (from March, 2008 to April, the English archaeologist studies discovery, megalith accurate construction age is apart from already has in 4300 now, namely constructed at about 2300) Construction structure This giant stone architectural complex is located on a spacious wilderness, the occupying a land area of about 11 hectares, mainly are composed by many entire blue sandstoneEach approximately weight 50 tons.Not only megalith has the important status in the architecture history, also similarly has the significant significance in the astronomy: Its principal axis, leads to the sun which stone column ancient road and the summer solstice date morning initially rises, in identical strip on-line; Moreover, in which also has two stone segment direction winter solstice sunset direction.Therefore, the people guessed that, this very possible was the ancient times humanity, may be the astronomical observatory earliest embryonic form which constructed for the observation celestial phenomenon. A megalith main body is composed by several dozens giant stone columns, these stone column platoon becomes several complete concentric circles, a megalith periphery is the diameter 90 meter ring-like earth ditches and the earth hillock, the inside is suffering tightly is approximately 56 circular pits, because this some pits are discover by English archaeologist John · Aubrey, therefore is called “Aubrey” the pit.Appears in the locality the first stone is located the circle “Dongkou” in the position the heavy approximately 5 ton sand-stones (to be called together “a kind of stone”).Appears for 200 years after this stone, certain stone columns only then ship in from England's Wales, stand erect in central, and forms a two great small circumference.The archaeologist calls it “megalith” two issue of constructions. Again the latter, “a kind of stone” is moved, “megalith” entered the construction third stage - - people to ship in 180 big sand-stones, arranged the circular and the U-shaped structure with the original blue stone column.In fact from existing vestige, the people also may sneak a peek at “megalith” the third stage basic style.According to the estimate, by the productive forces level then, the construction “megalith” needed at least 30,000,000 hours man-power, was equal works the entire 1 year in 10,000 people. Megalith most inconceivable is the stone center megalith, these megaliths highest have 8 meters, weight average near 30 tons, however people's surprised discovery, has many reaches 7 tons megaliths is again the transverse frame on two are setting upright the stone column. The English Salisbury is a historical old city, is apart from England capital the London more than 120 kilometers, has a hamlet in this old city neighbor to be called Arms in the uncle, prehistoric megalith is situated in here. [Edits this section] three important times In 3300 to 900 B.C. this period of time in, a megalith construction has several important stages. Before 3000 but - - this section of time megalith distributes in the Irish sea as well as the Irish-Scolttish sea route channel peripheral locality, quantity not many makes the human impression to be profound actually, the diameter surpasses above 30 meters, all has an independent stone outside the circle formation, as if was one kind of announcement “this

9. already the indication which held” resembles. About 2600 - - the metal is introduced the British entire island, the hard chisel engraves the tool to manufacture, this time megalith finer perfect, looks like Somerset Stanton Drew, Orkneys BrodgarRing, the diameter surpasses 90 meters.However some other main stone then have been slightly many, generally only then 18 to 30 meters.They have a special phenomenon, is besides circular stone, but also can present ellipse stone, the major axis direction aim at solar and moon's position.The number also presents an interesting phenomenon in the religion, we discovered no matter a megalith circumference has in a big way, each place vertical stone quantity all has the unique number, like Lake District area quantity all is the 12, Hebrides area is 13, middle Scotland is 4, 6 or 8, Land's the End area is 19 or 20, but south Ireland is 5. 2000 - - in this final time, then started by a traditional method establishment megalith quantity to reduce.The overall shape is not very perfect, is not presents the ellipse is the distortion ring-like.Greatly is also inferior front the scale, some diameter even also 3 meters. [Edits this section] a megalith functionIn 1997, the English scientists discovered in an experiment that, megalith has the amazing acoustics characteristic.The scientists put in the advanced recording equipment in some megaliths to carry on the experiment, discovered a composition megalith giant flat stone can emit a megalith internal echo extremely precisely, and concentrates it in a megalith center, forms the sympathetic chord effect. The scientists extrapolated that, megalith very possible was the ancient times sacrificial offering place.As early as in the 17th century, the English antique scientist Austria wave thunder believed that, megalith the sacrificial offering place which is the Roman rule time Dru Iraq teaches.Handed down the Dru Iraq to teach on the English Salisbury plain to construct megalith, the goal is uses for to offer sacrifices the sun god, from this time on appeared the Dru Iraq in a megalith story to teach.The Dru Iraq teaches is the B.C.E. 5 centuries to the B.C.E. 1 century, lives scatteredly one religion which in places such as Britain, Ireland Celts believes.It is said the Dru Iraq teaches the form and the religious doctrine are extremely mystical, Caesar expedition Gao Lu Shi said, the Dru Iraq priest is skilled in physics, chemistry, they live in the woods, even uses the live person to offer sacrifices.In England besides Salisbury megalith, but also some more than 900 circular megalith, these megalith distributes in the English different area. About mystical megalith, the people still continued to make various extrapolation and the explanation.In 2003, the archaeologist had discovered in a megalith not far place an ancient grave, in the grave the unearthed funeral object has more than 100, including ornaments and so on gold, silver, copper, funeral object quantity must reach 10 times in the same year compared to a generation of grave, textually researches after the expert, in the grave master status is extremely prominent, he is the Arab League penetrating.The Arab League penetrating probably lives in 2300, but this stage is exactly the time which the megalith lineup becomes, the archaeology personnel discovered, in the Arab League penetrating grave funeral object majority of comes from the Alps, looked from the Arab League penetrating carry-over tooth shape and the damage degree examination, his childhood is passed in the Alps mountainous area, he very has the possibility is comes from Switzerland or is area Austria.If were the Arab League penetrating has constructed megalith, then is regarded as the English ancient symbol prehistoric megalith to be able to be an outsider's work.The archaeologists extrapolated that, before several millennium Uygur Sykes people and the Arab League penetrating all had the possibility to participate in a megalith construction, but the time which lived separately from them may see, a megalith construction passed through a long time. In 2008, English archaeologist Geoffrey · warm Wright and Timothy · Darvail believed that, megalith is no

10. different with “Neolithic Age Lu you Germany”.Lu you Germany is the French Holy Land, because was considered has the mysterious treatment function to be renowned in one's time. The grave thing scatters in the megalith and around the rock detritus, represents one kind to avoid evil influences the thing, indicated megalith first was goes on a pilgrimage in the ancient times function.At the same time, area megalith had discovered the quantity out of the ordinary skeleton, above leaves leeway serious illness or the severely wounded sign.The result analyzes which to the remains tooth indicated that, an in which half person comes in a megalith outside area. The archaeologist acts according to this excavating result to extrapolate that, the people arrive this place reason perhaps are thought here stone has treats an illness “the supernatural power”.Darvail guessed that, people's at that time harbored the mood which one kind sad, despaired to arrive megalith.Falls ill the ancient who or is injured to arrive there, hopes “the god stone” to be able to help them to be restored to health.The new archaeology discovered had indicated megalith once was the prehistoric pilgrimage's recover center, has confirmed it in the prehistoric society's importance. [Edits this section] the megalith construction method Had millennium history megalith in the ancient times English meaning is Gao Xuan in the space stone, before how many millennium people actually did use what method to construct megalith? The 20th century 50's, the archaeology personnel studied the discovery, the prehistoric megalith construction time has probably experienced three stages.The first stage may trace to about 2800 the Neolithic Age later period.But at that time certainly did not have the megalith, only constructed one to be able to hold several hundred human of circular earth embankments, has dug out 56 circular pits in the earth embankment, according to the textual research, in the pit very possibly has at that time buried the wooden stake, but the wooden stake function was uses for to survey the seasonal variation. In 2000, Bronze Age initial period, the people have carried on the transformation to a megalith import, at that time has laid down the trench and two 500 meter long sidewalks, is called as “Si Taishen the stele” four stone columns, stood erect in a megalith inside, in this stage, as if once decided in central raised up two blue sandstone stone columns, after probably raised up 3/4 stone column, possible as a result of plan change, this project stopped suddenly, therefore the stone column is moved out the pit to level. "National geographic" provides “megalith” the picture probably in 1000, megalith entered the construction third stage, the people have shipped in more than 100 giant arenytes, and completed had more than 30 stone column addendum circles, the side has arranged the U-shape in the addendum circle.In the third stage intermediate stage, arranges many blue sandstone stone columns in these 5 stele work place in side, in which blue sandstone stone column has survived today. A megalith main material is the blue sandstone, small has 5 tons, big amounts to 50 tons again.But in Salisbury area sierra not blue sandstone.Finally, the archaeologist match strength sierra has discovered the blue sandstone in south Wales in the Pulley.The textual research conclusion showed, counts before the millennium people, not only can open cutting down the hard blue sandstone from the mountain massif, but also can be with ease smooth originally the rough sharp superficial polish.The archaeology personnel had discovered in the Pulley match strength sierra quarry some abandon the stone axe and the metal tool, these tools have more than 2000 years history at least, the archaeology personnel extrapolated, wright then already grasped the chisel to engrave the megalith the technology, the megalith was opened cutting down by these tools from the mountain massif.After found the stone which needs, but also must divide these big stone the preliminary dimension the small stone, the experts opens cutting in the trace from the stone to determine, people then used

11. are one wood wedge fracture methods, met down polishes the stone continuously with the extremely hard gravel, completed the megalith final finishing work. How do these megaliths are transport from the south Wales quarry to Salisbury megalith? The experts pass through the preliminary textual research to believe that, these blue sandstone are truly are transported through the manpower from south Wales to the present position.Transports the blue sandstone most reasonable route is: The megalith first mountain arrives the nearness seacoast from Pulley the Cery after the land route the mil luck to result in the port, then the stone material ship, finally arrives megalith.This line, the waterway long amounts to more than 300 kilometers, the expert extrapolated people then already could make the ship megalith the ships. Sierra will arrive megalith from Pulley the Cery, the land traveling schedule the nearly more than 40 kilometers, how were people then also transport these megaliths on the land? The researcher believed that, the transportation megalith not likely imagines that the difficulty, the transportation tool very is possible is uses the crowbar, the rolling logs and the string.In ancient times megalith periphery mountain valley has the cover woods, the people use the hard trees to act as the rolling logs and the crowbar, but one kind of named broke tree's bark to be possible to make the string, the archaeologist first places the bark in the wet putty to soak for 6 weeks, the bark turned the rich tough textile fiber, twisted them in the same place, has become the simple solid rope. In does not have under the hoisting equipment condition, how does the ancient also is put accurately the crossbeam to the stone column crown? The experts believed that, the mounting stone crossbeam very possibly uses is “the earth stores the law”.The expert introduces that, the earth stores the law uses the incline principle, buries with very many earth two pillars, forms a hill shape, highly is the altitude which this stone must arrive, makes a pitch, then pulls from the pitch the stone, below uses the crowbar, very possible to have to spread the log, after takes place exhausts the earth. In the long age, the megalith like strong magnet, is always attracting people's vision.Many people are willing to believe that, this was the ancient times ancestor intends to leave a posterity's huge riddle topic.

12. 拜拜 ！