Ayesha S. Abdullah 11.11.2017

1. Research, Its Importance & Need Ayesha S. Abdullah 11.11.2017

2. Learning outcomes • 1. Develop a deeper understanding of: • what is research • why should we do research • what is the basic process of research • 2. Recognize the importance of research as an essential obligation for professional practice, personal growth and national development • 3. Recognize the role of Muslim scholars in the establishment of research as a discipline and as a tool for development and advancement of knowledge.

3. How do we go about • What is research? • Why research? • How research?

4. What is Research?

5. Research • Research is the systematic collection, analysis and interpretation of information to answer certain questions or solve a problem. A Fact is discovered or explained A Purpose is Served

6. Research Discover the Fact /Truth Basic Research Research D T Applied R. Serve a Purpose P P

7. Research Thinking Knowledge • Output-put • In-put I think therefore I am The whole of science is nothing more than a refinement of everyday thinking • Outcome Impact

8. Research • “In the field of observation, chance favours only the prepared mind.”…. Pasteur • Seeds of discovery float around us, they take root in the mind that is prepared to receive them • All Research is driven by Curiosity- The ability to raise questions • Alexander Fleming ….1928 • Joseph von Mering & Oscar Minkowski……1889 • Fredrick Banting, Charles Best, John Macleod ….1921

9. Research Growth & Development WISDOM KNOWLEDGE KNOWLEDGE INFORMATION INFORMATION INFORMATION DATA DATA DATA DATA

10. Types of research • Basic Vs Applied & Action Research • Quantitative Vs Qualitative (Social Research) • Observational Vs Experimental

11. Quantitative Vs Qualitative r. • Quantitative Qualitative

12. Types of research • What is mitochondria, how it functions? • How can people with mitochondrial diseases be treated? • How smoking causes lung cancer? • What is the mean level of Haemoglobin in children in Pakistan? • Why doctors smoke despite knowing that it causes lung cancer? • What are the common types of cancers in Pakistan? • Is Medicine-A better than Medicine-B in control blood pressure? • How different is the mean BP in male and females?

13. Types of research • What is mitochondria, how it functions? • How can people with mitochondrial diseases be treated? • How smoking causes lung cancer? • What is the mean level of Haemoglobin in children in Pakistan? • Why doctors smoke despite knowing that it causes lung cancer? • What are the common types of cancers in Pakistan? • Is Medicine-A better than Medicine-B in control blood pressure?

14. Why Research?

15. Why Research • What causes disease? • What can treat diseases? • How can diseases be prevented? • Which treatment is better? • Which treatment is cost-effective? • How can people improve their health?

16. Why Research • Why people do not seek help when they are sick? • What is the impact of chronic diseases on the health care system and the economy? • How can we work with the people of Ther to improve their accessibility of water and improve health?

17. Why Research • Scientific development • Social & Economic Growth • Lead the world

18. Why Research • Refined, Purposeful Thinking • Thinking to achieve what?

19. Ultimate objective of all research • We will show them Our signs in the horizons and within themselves until it becomes clear to them that it is the truth • 41:53

20. Indeed, in the creation of the heaven and the earth and the alternation of the night and the day are signs for those of understanding. Who remember Allah while standing or sitting or [lying] on their sides and give thought to the creation of the heavens and the earth, [saying], "Our Lord, You did not create this aimlessly; exalted are You [above such a thing]; then protect us from the punishment of the Fire. Ali’Imran- 3:190-191

21. And in the creation of yourselves and what He disperses of moving creatures are signs for people who are certain [in faith]…Al –Jathiyah 45: 4 Indeed, within the heavens and earth are signs for the believers.

22. بیشک آسمانوں اور زمین کی ساخت میں ، رات اور دن کے پیہم ایک دوسرے کے بعد آنے میں ، اُن کشتیوں میں جو انسان کے نفع کی چیزیں لیے ہوئے دریاؤں اور سمندروں میں چلتی پھرتی ہیں ، بارش کے اس پانی میں ، جسے اللہ اوپر سے برساتا ہے پھر اس کے ذریعے سے مردہ زمین کو زندگی بخشتا ہے اور (اپنے اسی انتظام کی بدولت ) زمین میں ہر قسم کی جاندار مخلوق کو پھیلاتا ہے ،ہواؤں کی گردِش میں ، اور ان بادلوں میں جو آسمان اور زمین کے درمیان تابعِ فرمان بنا کر رکھے گئے ہیں ، بے شمار نشانیاں ہیں عقل والوں کے لئے۔ (2:164) البقرہ

23. Why Research And of His signs is the creation of the heavens and the earth and the diversity of your languages and your colors. Indeed in that are signs for those of knowledge……Ar-Room 30:22 Or do you think that most of them hear or reason? They are not except like livestock. Rather, they are [even] more astray in [their] way….. Al-Furqan 25:44

24. Why Research 756 Ayat related to research and urging us to think and explore

25. Why research • O Allah, I seek refuge in Thee • from the knowledgewhich does not benefit, • from the heartthat does not entertain the fear (of Allah), • from the soulthat does not feel contendedand • the supplicationthat is not responded. • Sahih Muslim. Book 35. Hadith Number 6568

26. Why research • “There is no disease that Allah has created, except that He also has created its remedy.” • SahihBukhari 7.582 • “Every illness has a cure, and when the proper cure is applied to the disease, it ends it, Allah willing” • Sahih Muslim; 5466 “ALLAH has sent down both the disease and the cure, and He has appointed a cure for every disease, so treat yourself medically, but use nothing unlawful” Sunan Abu Daud, 3865 “Allah loves the person who is performing a job to do it in the best possible way.” Jalalud- din al Suyuti Al – Jami al- SaghirVol number 2. Hadith number 1861

27. ImpactContribution Of Muslim scholars to HEALTH & research • “House of Wisdom” (Bait-ul-Hikma) in the Ummayed and Abbasid era in 750-1258. • Library & a global center of learning • Books written in Greek, Latin, and Persian in the fields of medicine, alchemy, physics, mathematics, astrology and other disciplines were also collected and translated by Muslim scholars  • Its experts served several functions in Baghdad as engineers and architects in major construction projects

28. ImpactContribution Of Muslim scholars to HEALTH & research • Al –Razi (864-930) • Kitab Al-Mansuri , 10 volume treatise on Greek medicine. "the al-Inclusive Work on Medicine" (al-Hawifi al-Tibb). "Spiritual Medicine" (Teb e Rohani) is about ethics. • Hospital at Baghdad • IbnSina (980-1037) was known in the West as “the prince of physicians.” His synthesis of Islamic medicine, al-Qanunfi’ltibb and Kitab ash-Shifa as holistic practice of medicine in which physical and psychological factors, drugs, and diet were combined in treating patients • They recommended and practiced the testing of new drugs on animals before testing in humans

29. ImpactContribution Of Muslim scholars to HEALTH & research • Al-Nafis, a 13th century Arab physician, described the pulmonary circulation more than 300 years before William Harvey (110 volumes of books) • Abu Al-Qasim Al-Zahrawiwrote the At-Tasreef which, translated into Latin, became the leading medical text in European universities during the later Middle Ages • Medical texts (Kulliyat ) of IbnRushd

30. ImpactContribution Of Muslim scholars to HEALTH & research • The first hospital in Paris (1254-1260) was founded 300 years after the establishment of some 100 hospital in Cordova • The hospitals were run by government and the directors of hospitals were physicians • The main Arabian hospitals were centres of medical education and introduced many of the concepts and structures that we see in modern hospitals, such as separate wards for men and women, personal and institutional hygiene, medical records, and pharmacies.

31. Contribution to health system, ethics of medicine and research • The first institutions for the care of patients with mental illnesses were established in the ninth and tenth century AD in the Islamic cities of Baghdad, Cairo, Fez and Damascus • Modern Anesthesia was perfected by Muslim anesthetists 900 year before Davy and Wells and Surgeons like Az – Zahrawi and IbnZuhr operated on patient under anesthesia • Al-Baitar’ s pharmacopoeia with 1400 drugs- 14th Century

32. The impact Gorge Sarton, Introduction to the History Of Science • “Modern medicine is entirely an Islamic development and that setting the record straight the Muslim physicians of the 9th through 12th centuries were precise, scientific, rational and sound in their approach. It will suffice to mention a few glorious names who had no contemporary equivalence in the West: Jabir IbnHayan, Al –Kindi, Al Khwarizmi, Al- Furgani, Ar- Razi, ThabitIbnQurra, Al Battani, HunainIbnIshaq, Al-Farabi, Ibrahim IbnSinan, Al Masudi, At- Tabari, AbulWafa, Ali IbnAbbas, Abdul Qasim, Ibn Al Jazzar, Al Biruni, IbnSina, IbnYunus, Al Kashi, Ibn Al Haitham, Ali IbnEssa Al- Ghazali, AzZarqab, Omer Khayyam. These are a magnificent array of names which it could not be difficult to extend. If anyone tells you that the middle ages were scientifically sterile, just quote these men to him, all of whom flourished within a short period 750-1100 A.D.” Sarton, George (1927–48), Introduction to the History of Science (3 v. in 5), Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication no. 376. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, Co. Khan MI. Muslim Contribution to the development of science and medicine. In: Medical Ethics and Islamic Perspective. Islamabad: Institute of Policy Studies. 2013; p27

33. How Research?

34. Research cycle An area of interest An idea Piece of literature Publication Research Key words Data Results & discussion Title Methodology for research Research question/ hypothesis/objectives

35. Limits for research

36. Limits for research And they ask you, [O Muhammad], about the soul. Say, "The soul is of the affair of my Lord. And mankind have not been given of knowledge except a little.“…. Al –Isra 17:85 So direct your face toward the religion, inclining to truth. [Adhere to] the fitrah of Allah upon which He has created [all] people. No change should there be in the creation of Allah . That is the correct religion, but most of the people do not know……Ar Room 30:30