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Biology Class Topics and Objectives

This preview provides an outline of the topics and objectives covered in the biology class, including macromolecules, organic compounds, enzymes, and chemical reactions.

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Biology Class Topics and Objectives

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  1. Hand in W.S. Chapter 2 Science Skills before the bell rings Preview for test “We judge ourselves by what we feel capable of doing, while others judge us by what we have done.” Henry Wadsworth Longfellow To continue learning about the biochemistry and macromolecules. Title: Biology 9/28/06 Class Topics Objectives: Thursday, December 19, 201910:15 PM

  2. Class Assignments What By When • W.S. Chapter 2 Science Skills 9/28/06 • Chapter 2 Test 10/2/06 • Chapter 2 Homework/Lab Corrections 10/4/06 • Due this class period • Due next class period • Due in the future

  3. 1A & 4B Grade Sheet

  4. 2A Grade Sheet

  5. 3A Grade Sheet

  6. 4A Grade Sheet

  7. Chapter 2 Test Review • Water and Polar Molecules • Partial positive charge on one side and a partial negative charge on the other side • Different parts have different charges • Nonpolar molecules • No positive nor negative poles • Ex. lipids • Water & oil • Don’t mix

  8. Chapter 2 Test Review • Organic compounds • Carbon and hydrogen • Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids

  9. Chapter 2 Test Review • Carbohydrates • Monomer – monosaccharides • Ex. Polysaccharides, sucrose • Identify a picture of glucose • Animal starch = glycogen • Storage of glucose • Lactose + Water glucose + galactose • Label – Dehydration synthesis (sucrose)

  10. Chapter 2 Test Review • Lipids • Ex. Saturated fats, unsaturated fats, earwax • Monomer • Glycerol/fatty acids • Picture • Fatty acid chain • Liquid fats • Unsaturated fatty acids

  11. Chapter 2 Test Review • Proteins • Monomer • Amino acid • Long chains of amino acids • Polypeptides • Drawing • Parts of an amino acid: carboxyl, amine, alpha carbon, R group • Peptide bond • Between the carbon of the carboxyl and the nitrogen of the amine • Peptide bond between Alanine and Valine

  12. Chapter 2 Test Review • Proteins (cont.) • Shape of protein • Type and sequence of amino acids • Enzymes • Chemical reactions not fast enough to sustain life • Decreases the amount of activation energy • Amylase – starch to glucose • Pepsin – best pH 1.5-2.0 • Optimal temperature 35-39°C • How does an enzyme work?

  13. Chapter 2 Test Review • Nucleic Acids • Monomer • Nucleotide • Parts of a nucleotide • Long chains of nucleotides are nucleic acids • DNA • Stores hereditary information to make proteins • Held together by hydrogen bonds • Types • RNA, DNA

  14. Chapter 2 Test Review • Chemical Reactions • Activation energy • Energy needed to start a chemical reaction • Reactants/products • Compare Reaction 2 and Reaction 3 • Why is reaction 3 the lowest on the graph?

  15. Chapter 2 Test Review • Chemical Reactions • Glucose + glucose maltose + water • What would be found at each point? • Why is 2 higher than 1? • How would it look with an enzyme?

  16. Chapter 2 Test Review • Enzymes • Substrate • Molecule upon which enzyme acts • Key • Label • Active Site • Portion of enzyme where substrate can fit • Lock • Label

  17. Chapter 2 Test Review • Enzymes (cont.) • Graph activity of an enzyme • Inactive from 0-20˚C • Active above 20˚C w/rate increasing steadily to 40˚C, at which the rate is very high • Above 40˚C rate decreases rapidly until temperature reaches 50˚C • Above 50˚C - inactive

  18. Chapter 2 Test Review • Essay • What macromolecules have an effect on homeostasis in humans? • Data • Carbohydrates • Energy source - Glucose • Bowel movements - Cellulose • Energy storage - Glycogen (liver and muscles) • Lipids • Protection – earwax • Energy storage – fats • Insulation - fats

  19. Chapter 2 Test Review • Essay • What macromolecules have an effect on homeostasis in humans? • Proteins • Digestion of foods – enzymes – amylase, pepsin • Storage of glucose – hormone – insulin • Release of glucose – hormone - glucagon • Forming blood cells – hormone – erythropoeitin • Gaining strength – structure – muscles, ligaments • Creating heat – structure - muscles • Nucleic Acids • Direct protein production – DNA, RNA

  20. Review • Take some time and review with another person

  21. Characteristics of Microscopes • Magnification • Image appears larger than it is • Eyepiece 10x • Objectives 4x, 10x, 40x* • Resolution • Clarity of the image • Gets poorer with increased magnification

  22. Microscopes • Simple light microscope • One lens • Living or dead specimen • Compound light microscope • more than one lens • resolution is a problem • Must be transparent (very thin) • Living or dead specimen

  23. Microscopes • Electron microscopes - use a beam of electrons (dead) • Transmission (TEM)- electrons pass through - very thin specimen • Scanning (SEM)- electrons bounce off and get an image from the outside • Scanning tunneling • Uses a microprobe • Can be used on living or dead organisms

  24. Magnifications: • Simple light – 5-25x • Compound light - 2000x • Electron microscopes • SEM 200,000x • TEM 2,000,000x • Scanning tunneling – 1,000,000,000x

  25. Compound Light Microscope Parts • Eyepiece • Tube • Revolving Nosepiece • Objectives • Base • Stage • Stage clips • Diaphragm, iris, condenser From: http://www.microscopy.info/microscopy/light/glossary.aspx

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