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Kristine Krafts , M.D.

Neoplasia I: Tumor Nomenclature. Kristine Krafts , M.D. Why do we need a lecture about neoplasia?. To understand patients better To understand oral neoplasms better To nail the neoplasia questions on boards This lecture covers: the nature of benign and malignant neoplasms

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Kristine Krafts , M.D.

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  1. Neoplasia I: Tumor Nomenclature Kristine Krafts, M.D.

  2. Why do we need a lecture about neoplasia? • To understand patients better • To understand oral neoplasms better • To nail the neoplasia questions on boards • This lecture covers: • the nature of benign and malignant neoplasms • how neoplasms start and grow • Later lectures will cover: • the nature of specific neoplasms • how these neoplasms affect the patient

  3. Neoplasia Outline • Tumor nomenclature • Tumor characteristics • Epidemiology • Cancer pathogenesis

  4. Neoplasia Outline • Tumor nomenclature • Definitions • Benign tumors • Malignant tumors • Mixed tumors • Confusing terms

  5. Neoplasia Outline • Tumor nomenclature • Definitions

  6. Definitions • Neoplasm = mass of tissue that grows excessively, and keeps growing even if you remove the stimulus that started it off! • Tumor = neoplasm • Benign tumor = innocent-acting tumor • Malignant tumor = evil-acting tumor

  7. Cancer = Latin for “crab”

  8. Small Slow-growing Non-invasive Well-differentiated Stay localized Large Fast-growing Invasive Poorly-differentiated Metastasize Definitions Benign Tumors Malignant Tumors

  9. Small Slow-growing Non-invasive Well-differentiated Stay localized Large Fast-growing Invasive Poorly-differentiated Metastasize Definitions Benign Tumors Malignant Tumors

  10. Definitions The only indisputable quality of malignancy is metastasis! Benign tumors CANNOT metastasize; malignant tumors CAN. If it is metastatic, it MUST BE malignant.

  11. Benign vs. Malignant

  12. Neoplasia Outline • Tumor nomenclature • Definitions • Benign tumors

  13. Dr. Rosenpenis

  14. “He has melanoma…carcinoma…some kind of noma.” Dr. Rosenpenis

  15. Benign Tumors Usually designated by adding “-oma” to cell type • adenoma: benign tumor of glandular cells • leiomyoma: benign tumor of smooth muscle cells • chondroma: benign tumor of chondrocytes Other benign tumor names • papilloma: has finger-like projections • polyp: projects upward, forming a lump • cystadenoma: has hollow spaces (cysts) inside

  16. Thyroid adenoma

  17. Thyroid adenoma

  18. Thyroid adenoma Normal thyroid

  19. Leiomyoma

  20. Chondroma

  21. Oral papilloma

  22. Oral papilloma

  23. Head Stalk Colon polyp

  24. Colon polyp

  25. Colon polyp

  26. Ovarian cystadenoma

  27. Ovarian cystadenoma

  28. Ovarian cystadenoma

  29. Neoplasia Outline • Tumor nomenclature • Definitions • Benign tumors • Malignant tumors

  30. Malignant Tumors Carcinomas arise in epithelial tissue • adenocarcinoma: malignant tumor of glandular cells • squamous cell carcinoma: malignant tumor of squamous cells Sarcomas arise in mesenchymal tissue • chondrosarcoma: malignant tumor of chondrocytes • angiosarcoma: malignant tumor of blood vessels • rhabdomyosarcoma: malignant tumor of skeletal muscle cells

  31. Adenocarcinoma

  32. Squamous cell carcinoma

  33. Chondrosarcoma

  34. Angiosarcoma

  35. Rhabdmyosarcoma

  36. Neoplasia Outline • Tumor nomenclature • Definitions • Benign tumors • Malignant tumors • Mixed tumors

  37. Mixed Tumors • “Mixed” tumors show divergent differentiation • Examples • pleomorphic adenoma – glands + fibromyxoid stroma • fibroadenoma – glands + fibrous tissue • Not to be confused with teratomas

  38. Pleomorphic adenoma

  39. Neoplasia Outline • Tumor nomenclature • Definitions • Benign tumors • Malignant tumors • Mixed tumors • Confusing terms

  40. Confusing Terms Malignant tumors that sound benign • lymphoma • mesothelioma • melanoma • seminoma Non-tumors that sound like tumors • hamartoma: mass of disorganized indigenous tissue • choristoma: heterotopic rest of cells Names that seem to come out of nowhere • nevus • leukemia • hydatidiform mole

  41. Nomenclature Neoplasm Benign Malignant Carcinoma Sarcoma

  42. Nomenclature Neoplasm Benign Malignant adenoma angioma rhabdomyoma Carcinoma Sarcoma

  43. Nomenclature Neoplasm Benign Malignant Carcinoma Sarcoma squamous cell carcinoma adenocarcinoma

  44. Nomenclature Neoplasm Benign Malignant Carcinoma Sarcoma angiosarcoma rhabdomyosarcoma

  45. Know these names!

  46. Sample board question Which of the following describes a benign tumor arising from skeletal muscle? A. Leiomyoma B. Papilloma C. Rhabdomyoma D. Leiomyosarcoma E. Rhabdomyosarcoma

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