سابقه تاریخی واژه استاندارد

2. سابقه تاریخی واژه استاندارد • واژه استاندارد در زبان انگلیسی میانه (انگلیسی متداول 1100-1500) به معنی پرچم و علم و کتل بود و این معنی هنوز هم در زبان انگلیسی باقی است و از دو بخش stand به معنی ایستادن و پسوند ard برای ترکیب اسم تشکیل می شود. وعلمدارلشگر راStandard bearer گویند. • معادل کلمه استاندارد در زبان فرانسهLa Norm ودر زبان آلمانی Die Norme می باشد.

3. استاندارد مدركي است در برگيرنده قواعد، راهنمايي ها يا ويژگيها براي فعاليت (فعاليتي خاص ) يا نتايج آنها به منظور استفاده عمومي و مكرر كه از طريق همرايي و با نظارت مراجع رسمي تهيه و بوسيله سازمان شناخته شده اي تصويب شده باشد و هدف از آن دستيابي به ميزان مطلوبي از نظم در يك زمينه خاص است ( استاندارد بايد مبتني بر نتايج استوار علوم ، فنون تجربيات و در راه ارتقاء منافع مطلوب جامعه باشد ).

4. سطوح مختلف استاندارد • استانداردهای کارخانه ای • استانداردهای ملی • استانداردهای منطقه ای • استانداردهای بین المللی

5. استانداردهای کارخانه ای(شرکتی)عملیات زیر را در برمی گیرد • کنترل مدیریت • روش های اجرایی • محیط • ماشین آلات • طراحی • نقشه کشی • کنترل مواد • خرید • ساخت • بسته بندی • فروش و بازاریابی • حسابداری

6. استانداردهای ملی • ISIRI • DIN • BSI • ANSI • AFNORE • JIS

7. استانداردهای منطقه ای • استانداردهای اتحادیه اروپا CEN

8. استانداردهای بین المللی ISO (International Organization for Standardization) IEC(International Electrotechnical Commission ) ITU (International Telecommunication Union)

10. کشورهای در حال توسعه درISO 157 National Standard body Subscriber members 10 At 10 February 2008 Developingcountries 100% Member bodies 104 Correspondent members 43 Developing countries 96% Developing countries 68% Developed countries 32% Developed countries 4%

11. ساختار کمیته های فنی ISO /TC s TC SCSCSC WG WG WG WG WG WG WG WG WG

12. عضویت در کمیته های فنی سه نوع عضویت • Participating (P) member • (open to all member bodies) • Observer (O) member(open to all member bodies and correspondent members) • Liaison (L) member(various types – open to non-members of ISO)

13. ISO Deliverables 1- ISO/PAS ( publicly Available Specification) 2- ISO/TS ( Technical Specification) 3- ISO/ TR ( Technical Report) 4- ISO/IWA (International Workshop Agreement) 5- ISO Guide

14. کمیته های سیاستگزار کمیته سیاستگزار برای مصرف کننده • COPOLCO Policy Committee on Consumer

15. کمیته های سیاستگزار COPOLCO Policy Committee on Consumer Through its Committee on Consumer Policy, ISO undertakes to: - study how consumers can benefit from standardization - promote consumers' input to the development of standards, both nationally and internationally - encourage the exchange of experience on standards work of consumer interest - channel consolidated views from consumers both on current projects and on proposals for new work in areas of interest

16. کمیته های سیاستگزار کمیته سیاستگزار برای ارزیابی انتطباق CASCO Policy Committee on Conformity Assessment

17. کمیته های سیاستگزار کمیته سیاستگزار برای کشورهای در حال توسعه DEVCO Policy Commitee on Developing Countries

18. کمیته های سیاستگزار DEVCO Commitee on developing countries policy The committee has four main objectives: - To identify the needs and requirements of developing countries in the fields of standardization and related activities (i.e. - conformity assessment including accreditation, quality and metrology) and to assist the developing countries, as necessary, in defining these needs and requirements. - Having established these needs and requirements, to recommend actions to assist the developing countries in meeting them. -To monitor the implementation of the ISO Action Plan for developing countries -To provide a forum for the discussion of all aspects of standardization and related activities, and for the exchange of experience among develped and developing countries.

19. فرایند تدوین استاندارد بین المللی 1- NP- New Proposal 2- WD- Working Draft 3- CD- Committee Draft 4- DIS- Draft International Standard 5- FDIS- Final Draft International Standard 6- IS- International Standard

20. ISO/PAS Publicly Available Specification A normative document representing the consensus within a working group.

21. The way it is done A TC/SC may decide that a particular work item should result in publication of a PAS. Normally this decision should be agreed at the outset, i.e. simultaneously with approval of the New Work Proposal Item (NP). The text is developed through the preparatory stage within a working group. At the end of this stage the text shall be submitted for approval either by correspondence or at a meeting for publication as a PAS. Acceptance of the document requires approval by a simple majority of the P-members of the TC/SC under which the WG operates.

22. ISO/TS Technical specification A normative document representing the technical consensus within an ISOcommittee

23. The way it is done • A TC/SC may decide that a particular work item should result in publication of a technical specification. Normally this decision should be agreed at the outset, i.e. simultaneously with approval of the NP. The text is developed through the preparatory and committee stages at the end of which the text shall be submitted for a three-month vote by the P-members of the committee to approve publication of the document as a technical specification. Acceptance of the document requires approval by two-thirds of the P-members. If the acceptance criterion is satisfied, the document shall be sent to the Central Secretariat for publication as an ISO/TS.

24. ISO/TR Technical report An informative document containing information of a different kind from that normally published in a normative document.

25. The way it is done When a committee has collected information in support of an approved work item or work items, it may decide, by simple majority vote of the P-members, to request that the information be published in the form of a technical report. The ISO Secretary-General, if necessary in consultation with the Technical Management Board, shall decide whether to publish the document as a technical report.

26. International Workshop Agreement (IWA) An IWA is an ISO document produced through workshopmeeting (s) and not through the  technical committee process.

27. The way it is done Any interested party can propose an IWA and can participate in developing one.  An ISO member body will be assigned to organize and run the workshop meeting (s) resulting in the IWA.  Market players and other stakeholders directly participate in IWA and do not have to go through a national delegation. An IWA can be produced on any subject. An IWA can be developed swiftly (published in less than 12 months) to address a rapidly emerging market need or public policy requirement. The ISO brand can give international recognition and credibility to your organization’s work. IWAs can be used as precursors to International Standards.

28. ISO Guide Guides provide guidance to technical committees for the preparation of standards, often on broad fields or topics.

29. The way it is done Guides are prepared by Policy Development Committees (PDCs, such as CASCO or COPOLCO), or by committees or groups established by the ISO Technical Management Board (TMB) and operating under the TMB (e.g. REMCO). A number of Guides are jointly developed between ISO and IEC and then published as ISO/IEC Guides.

30. The way it is done After consensus has been obtained in the group preparing the Guide, the draft is disseminated to all ISO member bodies for a four-months enquiry vote as a DIS. A draft Guide is approved if not more than 1/4 of the votes cast by the ISO member bodies are negative. In the case of ISO/IEC Guides, the acceptance criteria has to be met in both organizations independently. If the acceptance criteria are met, the Guide is published without being subject to an additional approval vote as an FDIS.

31. Members 163 national standards bodies , comprising 107 member bodies 45 correspondent members 11 subscriber members ISO in figures

41. 1 - Generalities, infrastructures and sciences - Generalities / Terminology / Standardization / Documentation (01) - Sociology / Services / Company organization and management / Administration / Transport (03) -Mathematics / Natural sciences (07) • -

42. 3 - Engineering Technologies -Metrology and measurement / Physical phenomena (17) - Testing (19) -Mechanical systems and components for general use (21) - Fluid systems and components for general use (23) - Manufacturing engineering (25) - Energy and heat transfer engineering (27) - Electrical engineering (29) - Precision mechanics / Jewellery (39)

43. 4 - Electronics, information technology and telecommunications - Electronics (31) - Telecommunications / Audio and video engineering (33) - Information technology/ Office machines (35) - Image technology (37)

44. 5 - Transport and distribution of goods -Road vehicle engineering (43) -Railway engineering (45) -Shipbuilding and marine structures (47) -Aircraft and space vehicles engineering (49) -Materials handling equipment (53) -Packaging and distribution of goods (55)

45. 6 - Agriculture and food technology -Agriculture (65) -Food technology (67)

46. 7 - Materials technologies -Textile and leather technology (59) -Clothing industry (61) Chemical technology (71) - Mining and minerals (73) - Petroleum and related technologies (75) - Metallurgy (77) -Wood technology (79) -Glass and ceramics industries (81) -Rubber and plastics industries (83) -Paper technology (85) - Paint and colour industries (87)

47. 8 – Construction • - Construction materials and • building (91) • -Civil engineering (93)

48. 9 - Special technologies -Military engineering (95) -Domestic and commercial equipment / Entertainment / Sports (97)

50. با تشکر