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GLOBAL POLITICS

GLOBAL POLITICS. WEEK 11. What are the differences between ‘ the domestic ’ and the ‘ foreign ’? What is International Relations ?. Where can we find the historical roots of international relations ? Ancient Greece : City - States

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GLOBAL POLITICS

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  1. GLOBAL POLITICS WEEK 11

  2. Whatarethedifferencesbetween ‘thedomestic’ andthe ‘foreign’? • What is InternationalRelations? Introduction to Political Science

  3. Where can wefindthehistoricalroots of internationalrelations? • AncientGreece: City-States • TheTreaty of Westphalia (1648): ItendedtheThirtyYearsWarfoughtbetween Protestan Statesand Roman CatholicStatesstarted in 1618. Introduction to Political Science

  4. Treaty of Westphalia • Whataretheimplications of theTreaty of Westphaliafor modern internationalrelations? • A newsystem of stateorderemerged in Europe. • A system of centralizedsovereignstates. • Thesovereignty of eachsingingpartyoveritsownterritoryandpeople is recognized (Theconcept of sovereignstates) • Allthestateshavetherighttochoosetheirownreligion. (No externalinterventiontodomesticaffairs) • Theemergence of modern daydiplomaticrulesandtraditions. Introduction to Political Science

  5. Treaty of KadeshbetweenEgyptiansandHittites 1200 BC. • GreekCityStates 800 BC to 476 AD (Greco-Roman World/Antiquity) • MiddleAges: • Feudalism • ByzantineEmpire, Holy Roman Empire, OttomanEmpire • Modern Times: • Treaty of Westphalia • TheRise of ImperialPowersandColonialism • WorldWarOneandTwo • ColdWar Introduction to Political Science

  6. Theories of InternationalRelations • Idealism • Realism • Pluralism • Marxism Introduction to Political Science

  7. Idealism • For idealist thinkers, internationalpoliticsshould be based on moral valuesand legal norms. • Howshouldstatesbehave in theirrelationswithotherstates? (NormativeJudgements) • Idealismrests on thevision of internationalpoliticsregulatedbyuniversalprinciplesratherthantheinterests of eachstate. Introduction to Political Science

  8. Idealistthinkersadvocatethe idea of internationalismandcooperationamongstates. • Internationalismrests on theassumptionthathumannature is peacefulandkeentocooperatewithothers. Therefore, global cooperation can be therule not an exceptionifstatesrespectuniversalnormssuch as humanrights. • Socialistinternationalism is thebelief in theclasssolidarityformedamongtheworkingclass of differentstates. Introduction to Political Science

  9. Kant’sPerpetualPeace • Kant tookthis idea of internationalismfutherandproposed a visionfortheestablishment of worldgovernmentwhichregulatesinternationalrelations. • Forhim, peace in internationalrelations can only be achievedthroughuniversalnormsandcooperationamongrepublicanstateswhicharebased on theprinciples of representativedemocracy. • Onlythiskind of peace can be permanent. Introduction to Political Science

  10. Liberalsalsostresstheimportance of cooperationamongstates. • Liberalssuch as Wood Wilson arguedthat WWI resultedfromthe ‘oldpolitics’ of militarismandexpansionism. • Wilson’sinternationalism is based on theprimacy of internationallawandthepromotion of collectivesecurity. • ForLiberals, therearetwowaystoachievecooperationandpeace in internationalrelations: • Freetradeandeconomicinterdependence • InternationalOrganizations Introduction to Political Science

  11. Neo-idealism • Idealismrevived in the 1970s withitsemphasis on respectforhumanrightsandnationalindependence. (Neo-idealism) • Theemergence of peacemovements, reactionstoColdWarpolitics, • Rejection of warandanyforms of violence • Emphasis on settlingconflictsthroughpeaceful, diplomaticmeans. Introduction to Political Science

  12. Realism • Realist theory of internationalpolitics can be found in thewritings of • Thucydides (PeloponessianWar) • Sun Tzu (The Art of War) • NicolaMachiavelli (ThePrince) • Thomas Hobbes (Leviathan) • In modern times, (Classical) Realism is influencedbytheworks of E.H.Carr (TheTwentyYears’ Crisis) andHansMorgenthau (PoliticsAmongNations). Introduction to Political Science

  13. Realismputsemphasis on powerpoliticsandviewsinternationalpolitics as thepursuit of nationalinterests. • For realist thinkers, thestate is theprincipalactor in internationalpolitics. • BorrowingfromHobbes, Realismpositsthatinternationalpoliticsresembles a ‘state of nature’. Thus, theinternationalsystem is anarchic. • Self-interestedand self-help. • No higherauthority. Statesaretheonlyautonomousentitywiththeirinternalandexternalsovereignty. • Uncertaintyaboutwhatotherstates can do or not do. Introduction to Political Science

  14. Inorderforstatestoprotecttheirinterestsanddefendetheircountrytheyhavetomaximizetheirpower. Thepursuit of morepower is theprincipalhumangoal. (Powerpolitics) • Maximization of militarypower • Peaceandstability can be achievedifstatesenterintoallianceswithotherstatestobalancethepower of otheralliedstates (Balance of power) • Aggressionandwarbecomecostlyandimpracticable as long as there is a balance of power. Introduction to Political Science

  15. Neo-Realism: • DevelopedbyKennethWaltz (1979) • Principalactor is thestate. Statesare self-interested; therefore, irrespective of theirdomesticcharacteristicsstatesremainlikeunits in internationalpolitics. • Survival is themain motive forstatesratherthanpowermaximization. (SecurityandSurvival) • TheStructure of theInternationalSystem is based on twoprinciples: • Theanarchicnature of internationalsystem • Thedistribution of capabilitiesamongstates Introduction to Political Science

  16. DifferencesbetweenClassicalRealismandNeo-Realism: • Forclassicalrealists, powermaximization is theultimategoalwhereasforneorealistssecuritymaximization is theultimategoal. • Forneorealism, thestructure of theinternationalsystem is moreinfluentialthantheindividualgoals of eachstate. Theplace of a state in thestructure of theinternationalsystemdefinesitsinterests. Introduction to Political Science

  17. Criticisms of Realism • Obsessionwithpower-seekingbehaviour, nationalsecurityandmilitarypower. • Legitimizes immoral behaviours in the name of nationalinterests • Thus, powerpoliticsandbalance of powerbroughtthewholeworldtotheedge of a nuclearwar. (Mutuallyassureddestruction) Introduction to Political Science

  18. Pluralism • Pluralism is a theorythat is builtupontheassumptionthatpolitics is conductedamong a numbercompetinggroups at thedomesticandinternationallevels. • Statesare not as muchautonomous as realistsclaim. Statesovereignty on foreignpolicy is challengedbyseveralotherdomesticandinternationalactors. • Pluralistsemphasizesthatinternationalpolitics is shapedby a muchbroaderrange of interestsandgroupssuch as NGOs, MNCs. • Pluralistsdenouncesthebillardballanalogy on whichrealismrests. Introduction to Political Science

  19. TheBillardBallAnalogy • Regardless of theirdomesticdifferencesstatesarethesame in theinternational arena. • Statesactlikebillardballs. • Theycollidewithotherballs. • Reacttoexternalfactors/pressures. • No otherkind of interactionbetweenstates. ForPluralists, internationalpolitics is betterdefined as a cobweb of interactionsbetweendifferentactors. Interdependencebetweenstateswillleadtocooperationandintegration. Introduction to Political Science

  20. Marxism • Marxistapproachtointernationalpoliticsstresses on economicpowerandthe role of internationalcapital. • ForMarxism, solidarityamongtheworkingclasses in eachstate can onlyleadtointernationalpeace. • ForMarxism, theinternationalsystembased on capitalisteconomicstructuresarepronetoconflictandwarratherthanpeace. (Profitmaximization) Introduction to Political Science

  21. Lenin’scriticism of Imperialism: Lenin arguedthatimperialexpansionresembledthedomesticcapitalistsquestformoreprofitplayedout at theinternationallevelamongcapitalistpowers. • Differencebetweenclassicalmarxismandneo-marxism is thatthelatterfocusesattention on thedevelopment of a global capitalistsystemwhereasclassicalMarxistsemphasizedrivarlybetweendifferentnationalcapitalisms. • Forneo-Marxists, MNCsandTNCs do not challengestates as long as theirinterestsare not threatenbystatesactions. Insomecases, statesandTNCscolloborateto spread andmaintainthecapitalistsystemallovertheworld. Introduction to Political Science

  22. World Orderin the Post-WWII • TheinternationalsystemaftertheSecondWorldWar • The United Nations is established in 1945. • TheSecurityCouncil is made of fivepermanentmembersand 15 rotatingmembers. • PermanentFives (P-5): China, France, UK, USA, USSR Introduction to Political Science

  23. TheColdWar • Betweenthe Western bloc (NATO) andtheEasternbloc (WarsawPact) • Between Western democraciesandEasterntotalitarianism • BetweenCapitalismandSocialism • Itwas a militaristiccompetitionbetweentwosuperpowers, namely USA and USSR. Introduction to Political Science

  24. Greatpower: A statedeemedtorankamongstthemostpowerful in a hierarchicalstatesystem. • Superpower: Greaterthan a greatpowerwiththeir global outreach, militarycapacity (nuclearcapabilities), economicandideologicalleadership. • Hyperpower: A powerthantcommandsmuchgreaterpowerthanany of itspotentialrivals. Introduction to Political Science

  25. Bipolarity:Thetendency of theinternationalsystemtorevolvearoundtwopoles. Unipolarity: Theinternationalsystem in whichthere is onlyonegreatpower (hyperpowerorhegemon) Multipolarity: Theinternationalsystem in whichtherearemorethantwopowercentres. Unilateralism v. Bilateralism v. Multilateralism Introduction to Political Science

  26. Theorigins of theColdWar: • Soviet’sexpansionistambitions • Ideologicalclashbetweencapitalismandsocialism • US interventionistpoliciesanditsgoaltoexpanditspoliticalandeconomicsphere of influence • Beginswiththe Truman Doctrine in 1947 • Principles of Truman Doctrine: • USA declaredthat it wouldgiveeconomicandmilitaryaidtoGreeceandTurkey in ordertopreventthe spread of communismandcontaintheSovietUnion. Introduction to Political Science

  27. The End of the Cold War • End of the Bipolar World Order • Reasons for the demise of the USSR • USSR could not cope with the arms race (USSR’s defeat in Afghanistan) • Central planning economy did not work because it caused corruption and resulted in inefficiency • The rise of human rights and peace movements • Gorbachev’s belated reforms • Perestroika: Restructuring within the Communist Party • Glasnost: Openness and transparency in government institutions

  28. New World Order in the post-Cold War • End of History: Francis Fukuyama’s theory • The Clash of Civilizations: Samuel Huntington’s theory • The Global Hegemony of the USA in world politics. The birth of a unipolar system. • Ethnic conflicts and Civil Wars in the Balkans (Bosnia) and Africa (Rwanda, Somalia) • The rise of international terrorism and rogue states. • Increase in the emphasis on human rights and peace and interdependence among states. • Increase in military interventions by Western countries in the name of protecting human rights and preventing ethnic cleansing.

  29. TheClash of Civilizations • SamuelHuntington’sarticlepublished in ForeignAffairsand his bookwiththesame name. • Therewould be conflictsbetweennationsandgroupsfromdifferentcivilizations. • Themajorcivilizationsare Western, Chinese, Japanese, Hindu, Islamic, Buddhist, Latin AmericanandOrthodoxChristian. Introduction to Political Science

  30. Criticisms of Huntington • Civilizationsare not as homogenous as Huntingtonthinks. • Therehavebeeninteractionsbetweendifferentcivilizationsthroughouthistory. • Globalizationhavealreadyblurredculturaldifferences in manyparts of theworld. • Evenifthere is a conflictbetweencivilizationsthismayresultedfromperceivedeconomicandpoliticalinjusticethanculturaldifferences. Introduction to Political Science

  31. Theimplications of 9/11 • USA launchedthe Global War on Terrorpolicy in theaftermath of 9/11. • TheAxis of Evil: Iraq, Iran and North Korea (Syria, Libya andCuba) • Bush Doctrine: • Based on neoconservatistforeignpolicyapproach • US hegemony has to be maintained (Militarybuildup) • US-styledemocracy has to be spread throughouttheworld • Interventionistforeignpolicy: A process of regimechangethroughmilitarymeans. • Preemptiveattack: Militaryactionstakentoprevent a possiblefutureaggression. It is a form of self-defencebyanticipation. • NATO-ledmilitaryinterventiontoAfghanistantotopplethe Taliban regime. • US-ledmilitaryinterventiontoIraqtooverthrowthe Saddam regime. Introduction to Political Science

  32. Criticisms of War on Terror • Strategicandtacticalfailure in Iraqand in theMiddle East • Iraqturnedinto a new Vietnam forthe USA • Militaryfailureandincapabilitiestoencounterguerrillawarfaretactics. • The US strategy of exporting liberal valuesandimposingdemocracyfromabovefailed. • Thetransitiontodemocracyledtotherise of anti-Western and anti-Americanpoliticalpartiestocometopower. • War on terrordid not bring a long-lastingsolutionforthePalestinianquestion. • US display of itsmiltaryand hard powerdamageditsimageanditssoftpowerallaroundtheworld. Introduction to Political Science

  33. NoamChomskycriticized US militaryinterventionandneoconservativeforeignpolicy on twogrounds: • US foreignpolicy is dictatedbyimperialistambitionsaimed at safeguarding US politicalandeconomiinterests • US interventions in theMiddle East areanotherway of extendingAmericanpoliticalandeconomicinfluence in theMiddle East. • War on terror is usedtocreate a newenemyforthe US in the post-ColdWarworld in ordertoconsolidate US hegemony. Introduction to Political Science

  34. Globalization • Globalization is theemergence of a complex web of interconnectednessamongsocietiesandindividuals. • Increaseddirectinteractionbetweenthe global andthelocal. The global subordinatesthenationalandthelocal. Introduction to Political Science

  35. Dynamics of Globalizaiton • Theemergence of a multipolarworldorder in the 21st century • Therise of China, Indiaandothernewpowers • Thegrowingpower of nonstateandtransnationalactors • Thechangingnature of powerandpowerrelations • Traditionalpoliticalbordersbecomepermeable. • Redefinition of spaceand time in the global world. • Increasingrange of connectionsbetweenindividualsmaketerritoryanddistancemeaninglessor at leastlessinfluential. • Rapiddissemination of informationduetotheadvancements in telecommunicationtechnologies Introduction to Political Science

  36. Economicglobalization: Referstotheemergence of a global economybased on freetrade, internationalizedproductionandfreeflow of capitalbetweencountries. • Culturalglobalization: Referstotheemergence of a global culturethattendstoflattenoutculturaldifferencesbetweennationsduetothe global flow of particularproducts. • Politicalglobalization: Referstothegrowingimportance of internationalorganizations. Introduction to Political Science

  37. Trends in Globalization Homogenization: Thetendecyforallcountriesandsocietiestobecomesimilaroridentical. Localization: Referstothegrowingimportance of localactorsandtheirinteractions on a global level. Regionalization:Referstotheincrease in regionalintegrationamongcountries in thesameregion. Indigenization: Theprocess of throughwhichaliengoodsandpracticesareabsorbedbybeingadaptedtolocalneedsandcircumstances. Introduction to Political Science

  38. Theories of Globalization • Globalists: • Globalizationunderstood as the spread of global capitalismwhich is consideredbetterthannationalcapitalismbecause in thiscasemorepeople in morecountrieswillprosperand be betteroff. • Globalizedeconomicandculturalpatternsareinevitable, drivenbynewinformationandcommunicationstechnology. (Hyperglobalism) Introduction to Political Science

  39. Anti-globalists: • Scepticalaboutthenatureandbenefits of globalization • Globalization is a newfacecapitalismandimperialism in whichcaserichbecomericherandpoorbecomespoorer. (Increasedinequality, wideninggapbetweendevelopedandunderdevelopedcountries) • Globalizationleadstotheshifttowardslabourflexibility, tendencytodecreaselabourwagesforthesake of global competition, weakertradeunions, foreignimposedcontrols on publicspendingandforeignpressure on reformingnationallegislation on socialpolicy, tradepolicyandcompetitionpolicy. Introduction to Political Science

  40. The North-South Divide • Thenorth-southdivide is based on the idea thatprosperityandpeace is concentrated in thehands of industrializedcountrieswhereaspovertyandconflict define theeconomyandpolitics in underdevelopedcountries. • There is a growinggapbetweenindustrialized North andudnerdeveloped South in terms of economicgrowth, wages, livingstandardsandtechnologicaladvancements. Introduction to Political Science

  41. WorldSystemTheory • ProposedbyImmanuelWallerstein • Based on theMarxistview of capitalism • AccordingtoWallerstein, theworldorder is based on growinginequalitydefined in terms of a country’s role in worldeconomy. • Corestates • Semi-peripheralstates • Peripheralstates Introduction to Political Science

  42. Downsides of Globalization • Globalization has alsoproducedrisks, uncertaintyandinstability. • Economicdecision-making is increasinglyinfluencedby global financialmarkets. A financialcrisis in onecountryaffectstheeconomy of othercountries. • Risk Society: UlrichBecksuggestedthatrisingindividualism, weakening of establishedinstitutions, consequences of rapideconomicandsocialchangesproduce a risk societyeven in developedcountries. • Globalizationleadstoenvironmentalcrisisanddestruction. • Underminesnationstates Introduction to Political Science

  43. TheGlobalizationParadox • Rodrikadvocatesregulatedglobalization. • DaniRodrik (2011) arguesthat in orderforcountriestosucceed in a globalizedworld a balancebetweenthreedynamics has to be reached • Democratization • Nationaldetermination • Economicglobalization Introduction to Political Science

  44. Regionalization • Regionalization is thetendencyforpatterns of economicandpoliticalcooperationtodevelopbetweenstates in thesameregion. • As thenation-state is seento be lesseffective in deliveringsecurity, stabilityandprosperity, thesegoalsareincreassinglyachievedthroughcooperationwithotherneighbouringstates. • Growth of economicinterdependencebetweenstates in thesameregion. • Increasingeconomicrivalrybetweendifferentregionalorganizations. Introduction to Political Science

  45. RegionalEconomicBlocs • North AmericanFreeTradeAgreement (1993) • Asia-PacificEconomicCooperation (1989) • Association of South-East AsianNations (1967) • Mercosur • FreeTradeArea of theAmericas (1994) Introduction to Political Science

  46. TheEuropeanUnion • Theorigins of the idea of Europeancooperation • SupranationalAuthority of Papacy • 18th and 19th centuryEuropeanthinkerssuch as Rousseau, Saint-Simon, Mazziniand Hugo. • 20th centurypoliticalthinkerssuch as ContCoundenhoveKalergi (founder of theInternationalPaneuropeanUnion) • European Federalist: AltieroSpinelli • Churchill’s United States of Europe (We’rewithyou, but not of you’) Introduction to Political Science

  47. Historicalcircumstances in post-1945 Europe: • TheneedtorebuildEuropeafterwar • Thedesiretopreservepeace in Western Europe • TheneedtodealwiththeGerman problem • ThedesiretosafeguardEuropefromthethreat of Sovietexpansionism • USA’seconomicandpoliticalinterests in theprosperity, welfareandsecurity of Europe Introduction to Political Science

  48. Timeline of EuropeanIntegration • TheSchuman Plan (1950) • TheEuropeanCoalandSteelCommunity (ECSC) • Treaty of Paris (1951) • Communityestablished in 1952 • Common market forcoal, ironandsteel • Expired in 2002 • TheEuropeanEconomicCommunityandEuratom • Treaty of Rome (1957) • Established in 1958 • Common market forgoods, services, capitalandworkers • Expired in 2002 Introduction to Political Science

  49. Timeline (continued) • MergerTreaty (1967): • Mergingthe ECSC, EEC andEuratom • Establishment of EuropeanCommunities • SchengenTreaty (1985): • TheSingleEuropeanAct (1986): Establishment of theSingle Market • Treaty of Maastricht (1992) • Signed in 1992, cameintoforce in 1993 • Establishment of theEuropeanUnion • Treaty of Amsterdam (1997) • Signed in 1997, cameintoforce in 1999 • Treaty of Nice (2001) • Signed in 2001, cameintoforce in 2003 • Treaty of Lisbon (2007) • Signed in 2007, cameintoforce in 2009 Introduction to Political Science

  50. Enlargement of theEuropeanUnion • TheFirstEnlargement (1973): UK, IrelandandDenmark • Greece in 1981 • SpainandPortugal in 1986 • GermanReunification in 1990 • Austria, FinlandandSweden in 1995 • 2004 Enlargement: 10 newmembers • 2007 Enlargement: BulgariaandRomania • 2011 Enlargement: Croatia Introduction to Political Science

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