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Anita Nilsson

Explore milestones and measures in nuclear security development to combat terrorism and safeguard materials, facilities, and transport. Understand the holistic approach, international frameworks, and IAEA programs for a comprehensive security regime.

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Anita Nilsson

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  1. Milestones in the development of a national infrastructure for nuclear powerThe Nuclear Security dimensionTechnical meeting, 5-7 November 2007 Anita Nilsson

  2. Terrorists continue to threaten peace and security. Nuclear terrorism remains a high-priority concern. Two arms of nuclear security Proliferation by non-State actors; the construction of a IND or equivalent. Access to materials through theft Access through technology Dispersal of radioactivity through acts of sabotage; facilities, storages, locations, transports Combating Nuclear Terrorism

  3. Global Nuclear Security Regime • Nuclear Safeguard – Non-proliferation • Nuclear Security – Counter Terrorism • Nuclear Safety – Technical Accident Prevention Holistic Approach Safeguard Safeguard Safety Security Safety Security

  4. Comprehensive Nuclear Security Approach Information data-banks, Illicit Trafficking Database, analysis of information, programme feed-back Integrated Nuclear Security Support Plans, Interaction with general public. Needs assessment, analysis and information Maintaining confidentiality of information Security Infrastructure Prevention Accountancy, SSAC, registry of sources (first line of defence) Physical protection Detection and Monitoring, interdiction and seizure Threat assessment and response Detection & Response Law Enforcement, intelligence (second line of defence) Mitigation and Recovery Radiological Event Radiological emergency response Nuclear Security Support (Knowledge Base, Legal Framework)

  5. Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Materials 90% IAEA Member States are now party CPPNM Amendment, ratification in progress. Convention on the Suppression of Acts of Nuclear Terrorism; now in force UN Security Council Resolutions1540 and 1373 Obligations are binding for all States. Code of Conduct on the Safety and Security of Radioactive Sources Safeguards Agreements, Additional Protocols; the Agency’s safeguards system [Nuclear Safety Conventions; contribute to the legal platform] Nuclear Security FrameworkInternational binding and non-binding instruments

  6. Nuclear Security FrameworkIAEA Guidance • Fundamentals – “principles” • Recommendations – “what” • Prevention • A) nuclear materials and facilities (being also rev. 5 of INFCIRC/225) • B) radioactive, non-fissile, materials • Detection and response • Transport (integrated in A) and B)) • Implementing Guides – “how” • Technical Guidance/Reference Manuals

  7. Nuclear Security RegimeIAEA programmes to support States • Facilitating the establishment and implementation of international legal instruments, as foreseen in those instruments • Developing the nuclear security framework; • Guidance and recommendations The Nuclear Security Series documents • Evaluation & advisory services to States • Capacity building in States • Human resource development; training at all levels, graduate education • Technical assistance and advice • Detection and security equipment and upgrades • Risk reduction in States: • Facilitating the recovery and securing of materials; e.g. research reactor fuel, orphan sources, vulnerable sources • Facilitating reactor conversions or decommissioning • Research and Development • Information services

  8. Introducing a new or expanded nuclear energy programme • Recognize the need to establish a nuclear security regime, as part of national normative efforts: • Become State party to international binding and non-binding instruments • Establish the State System for Nuclear Security • Legal infrastructure • Regulatory aspects • Technical systems, scientific/technical support • Export-import licensing and control; at facilities, at borders. • Human Resource Development Plan • As needed; request assistance from the IAEA NSF • Integrated Nuclear Security Support Plan (INSSP) for a coordinated and coherent approach and goals.

  9. In summary • Recognize the new challenge in relation to security; visibly and sustainable; recognize the need to build confidence among the general public, also for security. • Set the house in order: Deal with the legacy of lax security in the past; recognize that radioactive materials are not self-protecting • Establish the starting point for nuclear security to underpin and facilitate nuclear power introduction. IAEA assistance available. • Bring on-board all national constituencies, beyond the nuclear regulator; establish the necessary coordination bodies • Establish a plan for; adherence to legal instruments, introduction of IAEA nuclear security guidance; seek implementation assistance, as required. INSSP, as requested.

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