Mobility and Driving: Public Health Perspectives

1. Mobility and Driving: Public Health Perspectives National Institute on Aging Jeffrey W. Elias, Ph.D. Listening Session for the White House Conference on Aging January 8, 2005

2. Mobility and Driving: Public Health Perspectives 1) Driving as a risk factor 2) Trends in mobility, disability, cognition, and driving 3) Driving as a higher order activity of daily living (IADL)

3. Driving and Aging as a Risk Factor

4. Driving and aging as a risk factor • A major focus for research on driving is on determining risk factors for an accident. • Individual risk is assessed by: • Health conditions • Health treatment/medications (much more needed) • Driving Conditions

5. Driving and aging as a risk factor cont.. • Individual risk is assessed by (cont..): • Cognition – attention – multi-tasking (cell phone) • Motor function – flexibility – strength • Vision – acuity, contrast, field of vision (UFOV) • Perception – visual, auditory, tactile, smell, (taste)

6. Driving and aging as a risk factor cont.. • In-Car assessments and simulation assessment allows assessment of individual risk by: • Responses to conditions • Tactics to detect or avoid danger • Driving patterns – planning -strategy

7. Driving and aging as a risk factor cont.. • The ultimate goal of this research would be to provide: the risk for this driver, in this vehicle, at this time of day, for this trip, and suggested ways to reduce risk.

8. Driving and Population Trends

9. Trends in Cognition, Disability, and Vulnerability as an older driver continued..http://cta.ornl.gov/cta/One_Pagers/Mobility_Safety.pdf

10. Number of Chronically Disabled Americans Age 65 and Over (in millions) 10.0 If disability rate did not change since 1982 8.3 8.0 7.5 7.1 7.0 6.4 6.0 Based on declining disability rate since 1982 4.0 1989 1982 1994 Total Population Total Population Total Population Age 65+ Age 65+ Age 65+ 26.9 million 30.8 million 33.7 million Source: National Long Term Care Survey 1982-1994 (Kenneth Manton, Ph.D.)

11. Current training takes place within the framework of cohort/generation experiences and exposures 59 Verbal Meaning 57 55 Space Mean T-Scores (mean= 50, sd = 10) Reasoning 53 Number 51 Word Fluency 49 47 Time 1 Time 2 Time 1 Time 2 Occasion: Generation: Parents Adult Offspring Source: Schaie, 2000

12. Trends in Cognition, Disability, and Vulnerability as an older driver continued..http://cta.ornl.gov/cta/One_Pagers/Mobility_Safety.pdf

13. Trends in Cognition, Disability, and Vulnerability as an older driver continued..http://cta.ornl.gov/cta/One_Pagers/Mobility_Safety.pdf

14. Trends in Cognition, Disability, and Vulnerability as an older driver continued..http://cta.ornl.gov/cta/One_Pagers/Mobility_Safety.pdf

15. Trends in Cognition, Disability, and Vulnerability as an older driver continued..http://cta.ornl.gov/cta/One_Pagers/Mobility_Safety.pdf

16. Trends in Cognition, Disability, and Vulnerability as an older driver continued.. • The growing size of the older population accounts for 82% of the projected fatality increases from 1995-2025. • The decreasing crash risk helps to reduce the rate of increase by 33%.

17. Trends in Cognition, Disability, and Vulnerability as an older driver continued..http://cta.ornl.gov/cta/One_Pagers/Mobility_Safety.pdf

18. Driving as a Higher Order IADL

19. Driving as an IADL • Under the greater schema of mobility, • driving can be usefully conceptualized • as a higher order instrumental activity of daily living (IADL).

20. Driving as an IADL continued .. • As an IADL driving is much more complex than other IADLS. • Driving as an IADL is a form of mobility within a complex context.

21. Driving as an IADL continued.. The context for driving as an IADL is: • One or more persons in a vehicle; • On a roadway; • In a highway system; • Guided by rules and expectations for the utility and safety of the driver and others.

22. Driving as an IADL cont.. • Legal driving requires a license with procedure and policy determined by the individual states. • The roadway rules for driving differ from state to state and locality to locality. • Insurance companies are interested in driving performance across the lifespan.

23. Driving as an IADL continued .. • The ability to drive safely differs by conditions. • Some components of driving are almost automatic and can resist decline for a long time, while others are sensitive to age-related changes in vision, physical health, motor control, and cognitive function. • Some drivers quit before they need to, others continue to drive beyond safe capacity to do so.

24. Driving as an IADL continued .. • The loss of the IADL, based on the situation, can have serious consequences for self-concept, access to services, access to socialization, access to recreation, physical, mental, and cognitive health.

25. Driving as an IADL continued.. • Maintenance or loss of the driving • IADL is no trivial matter.

26. Mobility and Driving: Public Health Perspectives The challenge is to take the information we have, the information we will have, and translate that into appropriate policy that can keep up with changing culture, demographics, technology, trends in physical and cognitive function, and financial capabilities.