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DNA functions as the inherited directions for a cell or organism.

Flow of Genetic Information. DNA functions as the inherited directions for a cell or organism. How are these directions carried out?. Gene. DNA. Nucleic acids. RNA. Amino acid. Protein. Flow of Genetic Information.

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DNA functions as the inherited directions for a cell or organism.

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  1. Flow of Genetic Information • DNA functions as the inherited directions for a cell or organism. • How are these directions carried out? Gene DNA Nucleic acids RNA Amino acid Protein

  2. Flow of Genetic Information • An organism’s genotype is its genetic makeup, the sequence of nucleotide bases in DNA. • The phenotype is the organism’s physical traits, which arise from the actions of a wide variety of proteins. Gene DNA Nucleic acids RNA Amino acid Protein

  3. Nucleic Acids • ●Nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides Nitrogenous base (A,G,C, or T) • DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid • RNA, ribonucleic acid Nitrogenous base A, G, C, or U Thymine (T) Phosphate group Sugar (deoxyribose) Uracil U Phosphate Phosphate group Base Sugar Sugar ribose

  4. Nucleic Acids Review nucleotide structure:

  5. Nucleic Acids ●Each DNA nucleotide has one of the following bases: Adenine (A) Guanine (G) Cytosine (C) Thymine (T) Adenine A Guanine G ● Each RNA nucleotide has one of the following bases: Adenine (A) Guanine (G) Cytosine (C) Uracil (U) Thymine T Cytosine C

  6. DNA Structure *Early 1950’s Rosalind Franklin *1953 Watson and Crick

  7. DNA Structure ●Nucleic Acid Structure Sugar-phosphate backbone Base pair Nucleotide Hydrogen bond Bases a DNA strand polynucleotide b Double helix two polynucleotide strands

  8. DNA Structure Phosphate group Nitrogenous base Nitrogenous base (can be A, G, C, or T) Sugar Nucleotide Thymine (T) DNA double helix Phosphate group Sugar (deoxyribose) DNA nucleotide Polynucleotide Sugar-phosphate backbone

  9. DNA Structure

  10. DNA Replication •Complementarity ”It has not escaped our notice that the specific pairing we have postulated immediately suggests a possible copying mechanism … “ •Mode of DNA Replication Semiconservative

  11. DNA Replication *Overview: DNA replication • *Complementarity determines which nucleotide will be added • *Chain elongation in a 5’-to-3’ direction

  12. DNA Replication Initiation *Strands must separate •Helicases •SSBPs •DNA gyrase *Primase *Two are antiparallel •Continuous DNA synthesis = leading •Discontinuous DNA synthesis = lagging

  13. DNA Replication A large team of enzymes carry out DNA replication: •Helicases •SSBPs •DNA gyrase Elongation: •Association of polymerase •Sliding clamp •Primase •DNA synthesis (DNA pol) •Primer removal and replacement (DNA pol) •Ligase closes the gaps

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