Biology 20 Energy and Matter Exchange in the Biosphere

1. Biology 20Energy and Matter Exchange in the Biosphere "The ultimate test of a moral society is the kind of world that it leaves to its children." Dietrick Bonhoeffer, German Theologian

2. Equilibrium in the Biosphere • According to the Gaia hypothesis, the earth is like a complex organism where many living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic) systems interact. Like a living organism the earth is said to be in dynamic equilibrium where changes are continually occurring, but small adjustments are made to keep the whole system stable. Unfortunately, evidence suggests that humans are causing a disruption to the earth’s systems that can be detrimental to its, and our survival.

3. TheBiosphere • refers to all areas of the earth in which living organisms are found. This includes: • Atmosphere – air • Lithosphere – land • Hydrosphere – water

4. The Biosphere Biotic components – are the biological or living components of the biosphere, include all living things. • Ex. bacteria, fish, birds, mammals, plants A-biotic components – are the non-living components of the biosphere, include all chemical and physical factors. • Ex. Temperature, weather, soil acidity, sunlight

5. In studying the health of the earth, scientists find it useful to study the biosphere at a variety of different levels. To determine the interactions between organisms and the environment, scientists may choose to study: • Populations – groups of organisms of a species living in a specific place at a specific time. Population studies allow scientists to study the interactions between the population and its environment. • Communities – all of the populations that live in a specific area at a specific time. Studying communities shows scientists how populations of different species affect one another.

6. Ecosystems – include communities and their abiotic environments. Studying ecosystems allows scientists to investigate the interactions between the living and non-living components or the earth. "When one tugs at a single thing in nature...he finds it attached to the rest of the world." John Muir

7. Biodiversity

8. The key to healthy ecosystems, and a healthy planet involves biodiversity. Biodiversity – describes the biological diversity, number and variety of organisms, in an ecosystem. • More diverse food chains are more stable. All organisms in an ecosystem are either directly or indirectly affected by one another. If one species is removed from a limited food web, a domino effect occurs and the system will collapse.

9. Equilibrium Unbalanced Dynamic Equilibrium – describes any system with constant change, where the components can adjust to the change without disturbing the entire system. • When the dynamic equilibrium becomes unbalanced for any reason, the healthy or numbers or organisms in that ecosystem are affected. Organisms can be classified according to their degree of risk

10. Less severe risk Special concern – numbers are declining at the range / fringe of the area Threatened – species may become endangered if threatening conditions are not reversed Extirpated – a species no longer exists in one particular area, but is still found in other areas Endangered – a species is close to extinction in all parts of their natural habitat Extinct – a species no longer exists Most severe risk

11. Indicator Species • are species of organisms that provide an early warning that an ecosystem is being affected by some factor. Usually, these species are very sensitive to changes in an ecosystem, or to specific changes of ecosystem conditions. Indicator species also play a specific role in an ecosystem and their decline will affect other organisms in the food web. • Fish • Amphibians • Algae • Plants

12. Types of Indicator Species: • Producers – plants that convert sunlight energy into food • Herbivores – animals that only feed on plants • Carnivores – animals that only feed on other animals • Omnivores – animals that eat both plants and other animals • Decomposers – organisms that feed on detritus, dead and decaying biological material and return nutrients to the soil and water.

13. The Disappearing Frogs Frogs begin as eggs and brow into tadpoles in ponds. Next they enter their second life as adults in forest and grassland areas. Frogs are exposed to hazards in both their aquatic and their terrestrial ecosystems, where they are a part of two very different food chains. • Tadpoles – are herbivores and eat algae and detritus. They are food for larger fish. • Adult frogs – are carnivores and eat insects and small fish. They are also food for birds and small mammals.

14. Factors causing the disappearance of specific organisms include: • Loss of Habitat - clean, healthy habitats are often reduced or destroyed by human activity such as farming, industry and recreation. • Pollution – causes poor air and water quality which are detrimental to many organisms. • Climate Change – such as global warming causes the abiotic conditions such as temperature and humidity to change. Caused by pollutants. • Ultraviolet Radiation – increases the incidence of mutations and causes damage at the cellular level. Caused by damage to the ozone layer.

16. The Biosphere and Climate

17. Layers of the Atmosphere • Troposphere – up to 12 km, contains 80% of earth’s atmospheric mass (water vapour and dust). Weather systems occur here. • Stratosphere – up to 50 km above the troposphere, oxygen absorbs UV radiation forming ozone. • Mesosphere – up to 90 km above the stratosphere, cold temperatures, trace amounts of gas.

18. Ionosphere – above the mesosphere, contains ionized gases that produce the northern lights and absorb harmful X rays and gamma rays from the sun. • Magnetosphere – above the ionosphere, created by the earths magnetic field, deflects large particles that are emitted from the sun or from space.

19. Threats to the Biosphere • Ozone Thinning – in specific global areas, the ozone levels in the ozone layer have been reduced. Scientists believe this phenomenon is caused by chemicals such as CFC’s released into the atmosphere. The result is an increase in the amount of harmful ultra-violet radiation that reaches the earth, which causes increased rates of skin cancers and eye problems. • Stratospheric Ozone: Background Material • Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer ozone images

20. The Albedo Effect – describes the extent to which light is reflected from the earth’s surface by clouds, snow or other highly reflective surfaces.

21. Energy Flow in the BiosphereONE WAY • Most of the energy in the biosphere comes from the sun, however only a small portion of the sun’s energy reaches the earth’s atmosphere.

22. 30% - is reflected by clouds or the Earth’s surface44% - heats the atmosphere and maintains Earth’s temperatures25% - heats water and drives the water cycle 1% - generates wind and weather patterns.02% - is used by photosynthesis to produce food energy

24. Energy Transfer and Food Webs Living things can be categorized according to where they are in a hierarchy of energy. • Trophic Level – category that defines how living things gain energy for life processes. (feeding level) • Producers / Autotrophs – organisms that produce their own energy from either sunlight (photosynthesis) or chemical energy (chemosynthesis)

25. Heterotrophs – organisms that feed on other organisms • Primary consumers – feed on autotrophs (herbivores) • Secondary consumers – feed on primary consumers (carnivores) • Top Carnivores – organisms that are not consumed by any other organism.

26. Food Chains • single sequences illustrating a one way flow of energy in an ecosystem.

27. Food Webs • are interlocking food chains that illustrate more complex feeding relationships between organisms.

28. Energy Conversions • Photosynthesis – is the process where producers capture solar energy and converted into food. CO2(g) + H2O(l) + sunlight  C6H12O6(s) + O2(g) • Cellular Respiration – is the process where consumers break down glucose into carbon dioxide and water, releasing useable energy. C6H12O6(s) + O2(g) CO2(g) + H2O(l) + energy

29. Chemosynthesis – the process where non-photosynthetic organisms convert inorganic chemical compounds such as sulphur, iron, ammonia and hydrogen sulphide into energetic organic molecules. Bacteria capable of doing this are called chemoautotrophs.

31. In all food chains, the amount of available energy decreases as you move up the chain. Valuable energy is lost in each and every energy conversion. So why is energy transfer so inefficient? 1. Most of the energy produced by autotrophs is used to promote the survival and growth of the organism. 2. Consumers don’t process all of the food they eat. Some is eliminated through waste. Much of the energy metabolized is also lost as heat. (also a necessary process for homeotherms)

32. 3. Some of the energy taken in by a consumer is required to acquire, digest and metabolize the food eaten. 4. Energy transfer in biological systems always follows the first and second laws of thermodynamics: • First Law – energy cannot be created or destroyed, it can only be converted to other forms. • Second law – during any energy conversion, some of the energy is converted to heat, a form that is not recovered. • http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/genbio/tlw3/eBridge/Chp29/animations/ch29/ecosystem_organization.swf

33. If Bessie here eats 100 kJ of energy, how much energy is available as heat and for use?

34. Scientific Models • Ecological Pyramids - can be used to represent the energy flow in food chains or food webs by showing the amount of energy, the number of organisms or the biomass. All pyramids illustrate the first / lowest trophic level on the bottom with successive trophic levels towards the top.

35. Pyramids of Energy – illustrates the decreasing amount of energy available at each successive trophic level.

36. Pyramids of Numbers – describe the number of organisms at each successive level of the food chain. These pyramids can often appear “inverted” when consumers are very small or producers are very large.

37. Pyramids of Biomass – represents the dry mass of plant and animal tissues in a food chain. The amount of dry mass decreases at each trophic level.

38. Here is a comparison of the three types of pyramids:

39. The Cycling of Matter in the Biosphere • The earth is a closed system, so although energy from the sun can come into the system and heat energy can leave, matter cannot. All of the molecules that make up everything on our planet stay here. Matter in the biosphere regularly changes form or cycles. Food molecules become cellular structures that become tissues and organisms. Eventually, those tissues and organisms become food for other organisms or decompose becoming part of the soil. The cycling of matter is a necessary part of all living things.

40. Water • Water is required by all living things. It is important for a variety of reasons: • it absorbs and releases thermal energy • most metabolic reactions take place in water solutions • it is an excellent solvent due to its polar nature • it supplies hydrogen in photosynthetic reactions and oxygen during cellular respiration • it dissociates into acidic H+ and basic OH- • it exists as a solid, liquid or a gas in earth’s atmosphere Water Cycle - Animated Diagram

41. The Hydrologic Cycle

42. Transpiration – is the loss of water to the atmosphere through the leaves of plants. • Percolation – is the movement of water through porous soil. • Leaching – is the removal of soluble minerals by percolation. • Acid Deposition – is the precipitation of acidic solutions due to SOx and NOx gases combining with water (acid rain).

43. Carbon • On earth, all organic substances are compounds of carbon, including those that make up living things. Carbon is also found in inorganic forms such as CO2 and carbonates. Combustion, decomposition and cellular respiration all produce inorganic carbon dioxide. Photosynthesis is required to capture inorganic carbon and convert it to organic carbon. These processes together are known as the carbon cycle. • http://www.nodvin.net/snhu/SCI219/demos/Chapter_3/Chapter_03/Present/animations/51_1_2_1.html

44. The Carbon Cycle

45. Global Warming and the Greenhouse Effect • Scientists believe that the average annual global temperatures are increasing. A number of theories exist that account for this phenomenon, however one of the more prevalent theories is the greenhouse effect. • Greenhouse effect – is caused by increased amounts of atmospheric gases (CO2 and CH4) that prevent heat from escaping causing in increase in temperature on the earth’s surface. • Energy Flows: The Greenhouse Effect

46. Nitrogen • Nitrogen is an important building block of proteins and nucleic acids. Proteins are required to build tissues and enzymatically mediate biochemical reactions. Nucleic acids (DNA, RNA and ATP) are components of key hereditary and metabolic compounds in all living things. Nitrogen gas is abundant on our planet and accounts for 79% of the atmosphere. To be useful to organisms, however, nitrogen must be in a more useable form like nitrate. • http://www.nodvin.net/snhu/SCI219/demos/Chapter_3/Chapter_03/Present/animations/32_2_1a.html

47. The Nitrogen Cycle Nitrogen fixation is the process by which atmospheric nitrogen is converted to a useable form, nitrates. This is done by lightening and nitrogen fixing bacteria. Denitrification is the process where bacteria convert nitrates to nitrites, then to nitrogen gas which is released back into the atmosphere. Ammonification is the process where decomposers break down organic nitrogen containing compounds into simpler chemicals like ammonia. Bacteria in turn, change the ammonia into useable nitrates. • These conversions of nitrogen are all part of the nitrogen cycle.

48. The Nitrogen Cycle

49. Phosphorus • Phosphorus is required in cell membranes, ATP, DNA and in bone formation. Phosphorus cycles though the earth’s crust and through living organisms. • Library of Crop Technology Lessons

50. The Phosphorus Cycle