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INTRODUCTION TO THE FASCINATING WORLD OF PARTICLE ACCELERATORS

INTRODUCTION TO THE FASCINATING WORLD OF PARTICLE ACCELERATORS. Ideas and Applications. Definition of an accelerator. ACCELERATOR is a machine to increase the kinetic energy of charged particles .

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INTRODUCTION TO THE FASCINATING WORLD OF PARTICLE ACCELERATORS

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  1. INTRODUCTION TO THE FASCINATING WORLD OF PARTICLE ACCELERATORS Ideas and Applications

  2. Definition of an accelerator • ACCELERATOR is a machine to increase the kinetic energy of charged particles. • Increase of kinetic energy is preferred in the definition rather than increase of the velocity (relativistic velocities) • Charged particles in medical applications: electrons, protons, deuterons, ions. Only charged particles can be accelerated in an accelerator. Charged particle beams may by converted to other types of beam, namely neutron and photon beams. • Usually, a lower threshold for the total energy-gain is applied in the definition for legal reasons. This lower threshold may be country-specific. For example, it is 0.1 MeV in Slovakia.

  3. Relativistic particles MeV GeV TeV

  4. Classification of the accelerators Reference particle= a fictive particle that moves in an accelerator under ideal, theoretically assumed circumstances. Real particle = a particle having its parameters close but not identical to the reference one. Particle beam = an ensemble of real particles. Reference trajectory = design orbit = die Sollbahn = the trajectory made by the reference particle.

  5. Classification according to the shape of the reference trajectory According to the shape of the reference trajectory Circular Linear An open orbit A closed orbit

  6. Classification according to the principle of acceleration Static Resonance According to the principle of acceleration

  7. Static acceleration

  8. Resonance acceleration

  9. Resonance acceleration

  10. Circular accelerators: microtron and cyclotron Target

  11. A race-track microtron

  12. Circular accelerators: a synchrotron

  13. Synchrotron magnets Dipole (2 poles), homogeneous field, bending magnet Quadrupole (4 poles), inhomogeneous field, focusing magnet

  14. Synchrotron rings and transfer lines Quadrupole Dipole

  15. Back to classification According to the shape of the reference trajectory Linear Circular Resonance An open orbit A closed orbit Static According to the principle of acceleration

  16. Accelerator application scheme Interaction products Target Beam An accelerator Collisison products Interaction with target atoms BEAM1 BEAM2 FIXED TARGET COLLIDING BEAMS

  17. Bremsstrahlung Magnet Target Electron gun Accelerating structure Monitor

  18. Sterilization line, food, medical products

  19. Production of medical isotopes

  20. Application example of stripping in medical accelerator

  21. A brief history of accelerators

  22. Interesting Web-pages http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/articles/kullander/index.html?print=1 http://www.isa.au.dk/facilities/astrid/electrons/microtron.asp

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