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WORLD WAR I

WORLD WAR I. CAUSES OF THE WAR – For Europe. IMPERIALISM NATIONALISM – individual ethnic groups wanting their own nations MILITARISM Tensions high; an arms race & war preparations began Pre-war alliances for protection by 1914. TRIPLE ALLIANCE Germany Austria-Hungary Italy.

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WORLD WAR I

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  1. WORLD WAR I

  2. CAUSES OF THE WAR –For Europe IMPERIALISM NATIONALISM – individual ethnic groups wanting their own nations MILITARISM Tensions high; an arms race & war preparations began Pre-war alliances for protection by 1914

  3. TRIPLE ALLIANCE Germany Austria-Hungary Italy TRIPLE ENTENTE Great Britain France Russia PRE-WAR ALLIANCES

  4. The Spark: June 1914 • Archduke Ferdinand of Austria Hungary assassinated by a Serbian student

  5. The Assassin: GavriloPrincip

  6. June 28, 1914 - Archduke Franz Ferdinand was killed by Serbian nationalist, Gavrilo Princip, age19, part of the Black Hand in Sarajevo Princip wanted Bosnia to be part of just Serbia and not the Austria-Hungary Empire Imperialism, Militarism, Nationalism, and a tangled web of alliances = Everyone was ready for an excuse to go to war!

  7. CENTRAL POWERS GERMANY AUSTRIA-HUNGARY ALLIES GREAT BRITAIN FRANCE RUSSIA ITALY After the war starts, these alliances change and become known as:

  8. EUROPE AT WAR! • July 1914 • Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia! • Russia threatens Germany from the East & France from the West • Germany attacks Belgium (France) – brings British in • By 1915 • all the Allies & Central Powers are at war • Italy switches sides to the Allies-why?

  9. The Schlieffen Plan • Germany’s first strike strategy that called for a quick sweep through France knocking them out of the war so that they could concentrate on defeating Russia on the Eastern Front. • To do this had to invade neutral Belgium which brings Britain in the war • War tech bogs down fighting to stalemate, plan fails, Germany fights 2 front war

  10. A Multi-Front War

  11. America’s Official Position is:NEUTRALITY • Wilson a pacifist! • BUT, U.S. sympathies are with the ALLIES: • A common cultural background with Great Britain • Historical links with France • British surpass Germans with propaganda

  12. AMERICAN ECONOMIC NEUTRALITY, WORLD WAR I Why didn’t we trade with Central Powers? BRITISH BLOCKADE 2.3 BILLION TO ALLIES ….are we neutral?

  13. German U-Boat

  14. Germany sinks the British Lusitania – May 1915

  15. THE SUSSEX PLEDGE • Germans hit a French passenger ship next • Sunk March 1916 • 25 Americans dead • Wilson threatens to break all diplomatic relations with Germany • Germany agrees to SUSSEX PLEDGE • Will sink no more passenger ships without warning first

  16. CAUSES OF WAR FOR U.S.: • Jan. 1917 Europe refuses Wilson’s call for “peace without victory” • “Unrestricted sub warfare” resumed by Germany in February • Zimmerman Note – March • Wilson arms merchant ships • 4 U.S. ships sunk by German u-boats in March also • Why would Germany risk U.S. entry into war? • U.S. DECLARES WAR! April 1917 • “To make the world safe for democracy” • “The war to end all wars”

  17. Wilson’s 14 Points • Goals for the post-war world – his plan to eliminate the general causes of war • Free trade • Disarmament • Freedom of the seas • Open diplomacy (no secret agreements) • Self-determination – no imperialism; countries determine for themselves their desired type of government • Point #14: LEAGUE OF NATIONS – a world peacekeeping organization • The “point” most important to Wilson

  18. SELLING THE WAR TO AMERICA: • CPI, Creel • 4-Minute Men • Patriotic songs – “Over There” • Crusade: freedom & democracy • PROPAGANDA! • Negative effect?

  19. ESPIONAGE & SEDITION ACTS • ESPIONAGE – fines/jail for “aiding enemy” • Obstructing recruiting for military • SEDITION– crime to criticize U.S. gov’t, the war, uniforms, even the Red Cross or Boy Scouts! • SCHENCK v. U.S.- acts ARE constitutional, but cannot be jailed unless there’s a “clear and present danger” to safety of U.S.

  20. OPPORTUNITIES FOR MINORITIES & WOMEN • Wages up, but so is cost of living • Women: new opportunities in both factories & farms, but short-lived • MANY are opposed to war – why? • Do get suffrage finally! • Blacks: the “Great Migration” • 500,000 move to North 1914 to 1919 • Leads to brutal race riots in N (Chicago – 1917, 9 whites, 40 blacks dead) • BUT, do see economic improvement • In military, serve in segregated units

  21. MOBILIZATION • Woefully inadequate troop numbers – draft instituted ages 18-45 • War Industries Board to direct industrial mobilization • RR Administration; Fuel Administration & daylight savings time • Food Administration – Hoover • Wheatless Wednesdays • Victory Gardens • A major change in the relationship between gov’t and business! • How did WWI aid Prohibition?

  22. MINORITIES IN THE MILITARY • Blacks: • In military, serve in segregated units • NOT allowed in Marines • Manual labor in Army, etc. • Women: • First war that women could serve in military • No combat duty

  23. Navy uses Convoy System for protection

  24. THE COSTS OF WAR • LIBERTY BONDS/VICTORY BONDS! • Most effective method • “Every Scout to save a Soldier!” • Raised $21 billion – 2/3 of the total cost • INCOME TAXES • Raised on the wealthy class (up to 75%)

  25. Living Statue of Liberty On a stifling July day in 1918, 18,000 officers and soldiers posed as Lady Liberty on the parade [drill] grounds at Camp Dodge." According to a July 3, 1986, story in the Fort Dodge Messenger, many men fainted-they were dressed in woolen uniforms-as the temperature neared 105 degrees Fahrenheit. The photo, taken from the top of a specially constructed tower by a Chicago photography studio, Mole & Thomas, was intended to help promote the sale of war bonds but was never used." U.S. Army Human Statue of Liberty at Camp Dodge, Iowa.

  26. FIGHTING IN FRANCE • Americans primarily serve as a supporting force to Allies • What’s new in WWI warfare?

  27. Machine Guns …. TRENCH WARFARE!

  28. Landship/Tank Hand Grenade Barbed Wire Poison Gas Submarine Maxim Machine Gun NEW WEAPONS Bi-Plane

  29. Poison Gas

  30. Why were American soldiers called “doughboys?” • America had troops in France within 4 months of declaring war. What major effect did this have? • Russia pulled out of the war in 1917 due to the Communist Revolution • What effect did that have on the Germans? • Germany could now move all its forces to the Western Front

  31. American Doughboy

  32. Trench Warfare/Technology causes a Stalemate • Germans get 30 miles outside Paris, Brits and French halt the advance • Each side digs in creating the Western Front, a series of trenches ~300 miles long • Equal in size and strength they reach a stalemate • Trenches are nasty, with dead bodies and rats and bugs • Between the trenches is No-Man’s Land, a desolate kill zone

  33. Trench Foot • 'My memories are of sheer terror and the horror of seeing men sobbing because they had trench foot that had turned gangrenous. They knew they were going to lose a leg. Memories of lice in your clothing driving you crazy. Filth and lack of privacy. And cold deep wet mud everywhere. And of course, corpses. I'd never seen a dead body before I went to war. But in the trenches the dead are lying all around you.' Arthur Savage • An infection of the feet caused by cold, wet and insanitary conditions. In the trenches men stood for hours on end in waterlogged trenches without being able to remove wet socks or boots. The feet would gradually go numb and the skin would turn red or blue. If untreated, trench foot could turn gangrenous and result in amputation. Trench foot was a particular problem in the early stages of the war. For example, during the winter of 1914-15 over 20,000 men in the British Army were treated for trench foot. Animated map of trench warfare

  34. SIGNIFICANT AMERICAN ENGAGEMENTS St. Mihiel • Chateau-Thierry • Germans 40 mi. from Paris • 1st major U.S. engagement • Second Battle of the Marne • Turning point – beginning of German withdrawal • St. Mihiel • 4,153 American lives • Push Germans out of key position • Meuse-Argonne offensive • Gen. John “Blackjack” Pershing • Major engagement as separate army • Cut German RR lines • 47 days – 1.2 million Americans involved

  35. HEROES OF WWI: CHER AMICARRIER PIGEON • Heroic carrier pigeon who saved the American “Lost Battalion” in the German forests • Came home to a full hero’s welcome & tour • Stuffed & placed in Smithsonian Museum

  36. Placing Messages In the Leg Capsules Transporting Carrier Pigeons

  37. SGT. ALVIN C. YORKThe “Hillbilly Hero” • Sharpshooter from Tennessee • Almost single-handedly captured 132 German soldiers using his turkey-shooting expertise • Received Congressional Medal of Honor

  38. CAPTAIN EDDIERICKENBACKERThe “Ace of Aces” • Professional race car driver • Became General Pershing’s personal chauffeur • Then became the top U.S. pilot in WWI • shot down 26 planes in less than 7 months • Also serves in WWII

  39. Sergeant Stubby (1916 or 1917 – April 4, 1926), was the most decorated war dog of World War I and the only dog to be promoted to sergeant through combat. America's first war dog, Stubby, served 18 months 'over there' and participated in seventeen battles on the Western Front. He saved his regiment from surprise mustard gas attacks, found and comforted the wounded, and even once caught a German spy by the seat of his pants (holding him there til American Soldiers found him).

  40. ARMISTICE DAY • Germans had approached Wilson regarding surrender • Required Kaiser to be deposed • Germans surrendered at the 11th hour, 11th day, 11th month of 1918 • Now Veteran’s Day • Major contributions of America? • Foodstuffs • Oil; Munitions • NOT battlefield victories Manpower • BUT, prospect of endless flow of U.S. troops demoralized Germans

  41. Political Blunders that doomed the 14 Points: • WILSON went to Paris for the peace conference • Republicans were excluded from the Senate peace conference delegation • When seeking Senate approval of the Treaty, Wilson refuses to compromise

  42. THE BIG FOUR: British Prime Minister David Lloyd George French Premier Georges Clemenceau U.S. President Woodrow Wilson His blunders in the peace delegation? Italian Premier Vittorio Orlando

  43. TREATY OF VERSAILLES

  44. TREATY NEGOTIATIONS • Problems Allies had with terms: • Wanted to establish guilt and get reparations from Germany • Wanted the spoils of War – LAND! • Ignore open diplomacy, free seas, national self-determination • Ignored Wilson’s goals of justice and international harmony • What happens at home to weaken Wilson’s bargaining position? • During the peace conference, opposition in the Senate is made public…weakens Wilson’s hand at the bargaining table

  45. PROVISIONS OF THE TREATY: • GERMANY: • Stripped of all its colonies • Loses land in Europe • Ordered to pay reparations to the Allies • Treaty resented by Germany • AUSTRIA-HUNGARY IS SPLIT • LEAGUE OF NATIONS is established & all signers become members • “Self-determination” freed millions of minorities from outside rule

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