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Dr.MRR

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Dr.MRR

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    12. Dr.MRR IMMUNE RESPONSE

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    14. Dr.MRR IMMUNE RESPONSE The immune response is specific. The immune response has memory. Primary response Secondary response

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    19. Dr.MRR CELLULAR BASIS OF IMMUNE RESPONSE

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    28. Dr.MRR CHARACTERS OF AN ANTIGEN Antigen (Ag): -- COMPLETE // HAPTEIN A molecule which elicits a specific immune response when introduced into an animal. More specifically, antigenic (immunogenic) substances are: Generally large molecules (>10,000 daltons in molecular weight), Structurally complex (proteins are usually antigenic), Accessible (the immune system must be able to contact the molecule), and Foreign (not recognizable as "self").

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    31. Dr.MRR Antibody (Ab): A glycoprotein produced in response to an antigen that is specific for the antigen and binds to it via non-covalent interactions. The term "immunoglobulin" is often used interchangeably with "antibody". We will use the term "immunoglobulin" to describe any antibody, regardless of specificity, and the term "antibody" to describe an antigen-specific "immunoglobulin". Immunoglobulins (Igs) come in different forms (IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM) that reflect their structure.

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    33. Dr.MRR ANTIBODY--Ig

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    36. Dr.MRR ISOTYPE / ALLOTYPE / IDIOTYPE ISOTYPE-- Antigenic features of a class of Ig. Specificity -- determines the type of IR ALLOTYPE— Antigenic variation in one Ig Specificity among individuals – due to genetic diversity. IDIOTYPE – Unique antigenic determinant Specificity on the Hypervariable region of Ig.– takes part in immune regulation.

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    39. Dr.MRR IMMUNOGLOBULIN GENES

    40. Dr.MRR ISOTYPE SWITCHING Class Switching – Ig M Ig G Results from sequential association of VH gene with different CH gene. Ig produced as a result will have the same specificity as original Ig M

    41. Dr.MRR ANTIBODY MEDIATED IMMUNITY

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    49. Dr.MRR COMPLEMENT SYSTEM COMPLEMENT CASCADE CLASSICAL PATHWAY ALTERNATE PATHWAY BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF COMPLEMENT

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    53. Dr.MRR PHAGOCYTOSIS

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    59. Dr.MRR CELLMEDIATED IMMUNITY T-CELL MATURATION T-CELL ACTIVATION CLUSTER DIFFERENTIATION- CD4 & CD8 FUNCTIONS OF T-CELLS – EFFECTOR /REGULATOR NK CELLS K CELLS

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    67. Dr.MRR MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX – HLA SYSTEM MHC class I locus Major Antigens HLA A 767 HLA B 1,178 HLA C 439 Minor Antigens HLA E 9 HLA F 21 HLA G 43 MHC class II HLA -A1 -B1 -B3 to -B51

    69. MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX Dr.MRR

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    74. Dr.MRR Cross-immunity?

    75. Dr.MRR EFFECTS OF IMMUNE RESPONSE IN VIVO ---- IMMUNE PROTECTION DISEASE CAUSATION ( HS & AI ) IN VITRO -- Ag-Ab REACTIONS --- SEROLOGICAL TESTS -- DIAGNOSTIC IN INFECTIVE AS WELL AS IMMUNOLOGICAL DISEASES

    76. Dr.MRR IMMUNE ABNORMALITIES HYPERSENSITIVITY AUTOIMMUNITY IMMUNODEFICIENCY DISEASES

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    79. Dr.MRR TUMOUR AND TRANSPLANTATION IMMUNITY MAINLY CMI AMI ALSO PLAYS A ROLE --- through ADCC & afferent inhibition

    80. Dr.MRR VACCINES LIVE VACCINES KILLED VACCINE WHOLE CELL VACCINES MICROBIAL PRODUCTS SUBUNIT VACCINES SYNTHETIC VACCINES RECOMBINANT VACCINES.

    81. Dr.MRR IMMUNITY IN INFECTIONS BACTERIAL – EXTRACELLULAR– AMI INTRACELLULAR – CMI VIRAL INFECTIONS – CMI – PROTECTIVE AMI- DIAGNOSTIC PARASITIC INFECTIONS.

    82. Dr.MRR IMMUNOLOGICAL BASIS OF DENTAL DISEASES. INFLAMMATORY PERIODONTAL DISEASES -GINGIVITIS & PERIODONTITIS -JUVENILE PERIODONTITIS -GINGIVAL HYPERPLASIA -ACUTE NECROTISING ULCERATIVE GINGIVITIS

    83. Major Immunological features: Dental Plaque induces inflammation of surrounding tissue. Local defence is not sufficient and Bacteria tend to furthur adhere to tooth surface– AMI & CMI both play role. Complement Activation , Infiltration of leucocytes, Release of Enzymes and cytokenes and production of serous crevicular exudate Bacterial virulance products and host immunological defences result in gingivitis and periodontitis. Dr.MRR

    84. APHTHOUS STOMATITIS. Lymphocytic infiltration present at the earliest stage of the disease. Presence of circulating antibodies to oral mucosa in some persons which may crossreact with oral organisms. Evidence of CMI to the same antigens. Presence of circulating immune complexes in some patients. Association with HLA –B 12 Favourable response to topical or systemic corticosteroids. Dr.MRR

    85. Dr.MRR SYSTEMIC DISEASES WITH ORAL MANIFESTATIONS. AIDS PEMPHIGUS BENIGN PEMPHIGOID CH.DISCOID L.E. ERYTHEMA MULTIFORME LICHEN PLANUS INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES SARCOIDOSIS SJOGREN’S SYNDROME SLE RH. ARTHRITIS PROGRESSIVE SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS

    86. Dr.MRR INFECTIONS HERPES SIMPLEX MEASLES CHICKENPOX TREPONEMAL INFECTIONS ORALCANDIDIASIS.

    87. DENTURE STOMATITIS Inflammation of mucous membrane under the denture. Associated with Candida inf. Which is associated with impaired CMI. Trt. For candidiasis cures the problem. Dr.MRR

    88. ORAL TUMOURS Leading cause of death in 3% of men and 1% of women. Tobacco, Alcohol, CMI deficiency , and Viral infections (HSV&HPV) are found to predispose to oral malignancy. Impaired CMI & Fall in Tcell counts is found in metastatic cancers. Dr.MRR

    89. CMI response is found in oral leucoplakia Fall in lymphocyte response to HSV is found to preceed the development of malignant change in preexisting benign hyperkeratosis. High levels of HSV-Ab in smokers suggests possibility of reactivation of HSV-I .– the viral genes probably induce transformation. Patients with oral cancers have high HSV-I Ig-M suggesting a reactivation of infections Dr.MRR

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