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THE PROBLEMS OF THE DIRECTORY AND NAPOLEON’S RISE TO POWER, 1795-1804

THE PROBLEMS OF THE DIRECTORY AND NAPOLEON’S RISE TO POWER, 1795-1804.

raphael-hardy
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THE PROBLEMS OF THE DIRECTORY AND NAPOLEON’S RISE TO POWER, 1795-1804

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  1. THE PROBLEMS OF THE DIRECTORY AND NAPOLEON’S RISE TO POWER, 1795-1804 After the fall of Robespierre, the Convention sought to restore the rule of law and discredit radical democrats. The government encouraged sympathy for the victims of the Terror and emphasize the folly of entrusting power to poor, uneducated men. In 1795 a new constitution revived the rule that poor men could not vote and gave executive power to a five-man Directory. The Directory failed to generate popular support, however, and France became polarized again between neo-Jacobins and royalists. Many looked to a brilliant general, a man on a white horse, to unite France, prevent civil war, and humble foreign enemies….

  2. “The Victory of Fleurus,” 26 June 1794.This battle ended any threat of Austrian invasion.

  3. Anonymous, “Robespierre, guillotining the executioner after having guillotined all the French.”In April-June 1794 Robespierre conducted such broad purges that most Convention delegates came to fear they might be next.

  4. Duplessi-Bertaux, “Robespierre Wounded,” in City Hall on the morning of July 28, 1794.The Convention had declared him an “outlaw”.

  5. Danton rides to the scaffold, April 1794; Robespierre, July 1794(sketched by Jacques-Louis David)

  6. Some members of the Committee of Public Safety remained in power after Thermidor, such as Lazare Carnot (1753-1823),Minister of War in 1793/94, elected to the Directory in November 1795

  7. “The Revolutionary Committee of the Year II” (1794/5)

  8. Jean Duplessi-Bertaux, “The Death of Roland,” November 1793:This Girondin leader had escaped Paris to Normandy but fell on his sword when he heard that his wife had been executed.

  9. “Repression at the Church of Saint-Roch,” Oct 6, 1795. Young General Bonaparte received the Italian command after this exercise in crowd control (see Markham, p. 17)

  10. Napoleon’s Italian victories, 1796/97

  11. “The Battle of the Bridge at Arcola, November 15-17, 1796.” One of Napoleon’s first great victories

  12. Antoine-Jean Gros, “Bonaparte on the Bridge at Arcola, 17 November 1796” (finished in 1801)

  13. L.-F. Lejeune, “The Battle of the Pyramids,” July 21, 1798 (painted in 1806)

  14. In August 1798 a British fleet under Horatio Nelson destroyed the French fleet in the Battle of the Nile

  15. A.-J. Gros, “Bonaparte Visits the Victims of the Plague in Jaffa, 11 March 1799” (painted in 1804)

  16. Jean-Baptiste Thiebault, “Bonaparte Touching the Lepers” in Jaffa, 11 March 1799 (engraving from 1804/05)

  17. “The Constitution in the Year VIII: ‘By violating me three times, they have caused my death!!!’”(1799).

  18. Jacques-Louis David,“Napoleon at the St. Bernard Pass.”By 1799 many politicians were looking for a popular hero as the only hope to avoid civil war.

  19. “The Life of Buonaparte,” by James Gillray (1800)

  20. “The 18th Brumaire” (November 9/10, 1799)

  21. A. F. Callet, “Allegory on the 18th Brumaire” (1800)

  22. The Marengo Campaign, May/June 1800

  23. “The Battle of Marengo,” June 14, 1800

  24. Europe after the Peace of Amiens (1802/03)

  25. Valhalla:Girodet de Roucy-Trioson, “Ossian Receiving the Ghosts of French Heroes” (1802)

  26. P.-J.-C. François, “Allegory of the Concordat” (1802)

  27. “The First Distribution of Medals of the Legion of Honor” on July 14, 1804

  28. James Gillray, “Boney and Talley” (1803) Napoleon has just butchered Germany (i.e., dissolved the Holy Roman Empire) and destroyed Hanover. Holland has been slaughtered, and Spain “fleeced”, with Prussia “Put up to fatten.” Foreign Minister Talleyrand seeks to restrain the butcher from further attacks.

  29. Jacques-Louis David, “The Coronation of Emperor Napoleon I” on December 2, 1804

  30. STAGES IN NAPEOLEON’S RISE

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