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Health Sciences

Health Sciences. Chapter 1 Health Care of the Past, Present, and Future. Health Care of the Past. Herbal Medicine Hippocrates (460-377 BC ) Father of modern medicine Oath of Practice Plagues or epidemics killed millions Now preventable with vaccinations and better sanitation

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Health Sciences

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  1. Health Sciences Chapter 1 Health Care of the Past, Present, and Future

  2. Health Care of the Past • Herbal Medicine • Hippocrates (460-377BC) • Father of modern medicine • Oath of Practice • Plagues or epidemics killed millions • Now preventable with vaccinations and better sanitation • Patient was passive recipient

  3. Box 1-2 Hippocratic Oath

  4. Alpaca

  5. Health Care of the Present • US focus from prevention of contagious diseases to lifestyle changes • To decrease cases of cancer, drug abuse, heart disease • Current communicable diseases • Acquired immune deficiency syndrome • Tuberculosis • Avian flu H5N1 and Swine flu H1N1

  6. Table 1-2 Pandemics and Pandemic Scares in the United States

  7. Government agencies • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) • Public Health Services • Part of Department of Health and Human Services • Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) • Part of Department of Labor

  8. Table 1-3 Agency Health Care Providers

  9. Health Care – one of the largest industries in US • Rising cost of health care • Technology • Malpractice litigation • Longevity of population • Disaster relief

  10. Angora rabbit

  11. US is only industrialized nation that doesn’t guarantee health care to all its citizens • 3rd party payer = insurance companies • assume most health care costs • Federal government • Social security act of 1965 established: • Medicare • Individuals over 65, certain young people with disabilities, people with end-stage renal disease • Reimburses bases on Diagnosis-related groupings (DRGs), not actual costs • Medicaid • Federal and state governments • Covers individuals with low income

  12. Insurance company options • Managed Care plans • Health maintenance organizations (HMOs) • Preferred provider organizations (PPOs) • Point-of-Service • In-network or out-of-network • Other Cost containment options • Promotion of wellness and early detection • Cafeteria-style selection of coverage

  13. Figure 1-2 Health Care Insurance Model

  14. Other plans • Disability income insurance • Long-term care insurance • Medical savings account • Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) of 1996 • Employed can maintain insurance when losing or changing jobs • Mandates interchange of patient information

  15. Table 1-4 Sample Insurance Cost Comparison

  16. Axolotl

  17. Health is a state of optimal well-being, achieved through prevention of illness and injury. • Health care career • Economic security, nature of duties, working conditions, opportunities for advancement • Health services is one of the top 10 growing industries • Patient is the “client” • Patient’s Bill of Rights • Adopted by the American Hospital Association in 1972 • Nursing Home Reform Act of 1987 • Adopted by Congress to protect nursing home residents

  18. Standards • Accreditation • Agencies to determine if a training program meets acceptable standards • Professional associations of health care occupations • Licensure • Controlled by state • Based on successful completion of an examination • Certification • By agency or training program • Indicates successful completion of a particular course • Registration • Individuals who have met a criterion of excellence or legal responsibility • Earned through state or an agency

  19. Health Care of the Future • Emphasize wellness and prevention • Nutritional advice • Stress reduction • Habit cessation • Exercise • Concern for obesity • In 2005, 16% of children 6-19 years of age were overweight

  20. Table 1-5 Career Ladder in Health Care

  21. Aye Aye

  22. Care of elderly • Average age is now 34 • In 2005, 6% of US was 75 years or older • In 2012, it will rise to 12% • Elderly require 3x the amount of health care • Need more rehabilitative services

  23. Health Care Facilities • Hospitals • Small hospitals will close • Large urban hospitals will increase • Care for severely ill and injured • Reduced number of beds • Home health care will increase

  24. Alternative providers • Holistic health • Views patient as a whole • Besides traditional medicine • Acupuncture • Yoga • Hypnosis • Quackery • Treatment that pretends to cure, but doesn’t

  25. Blob Fish

  26. Technology in the future • Nanotechnology • Telemedicine • Recombinant DNA • Internet access to information

  27. Figure 1-4 National Health Care Skill Standards Model

  28. Health Science Career Clusters • Therapeutic services • Diagnostic services • Health Informatics • Support services • Biotechnology research and development

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