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Part II THE SYSTEM AND EARLY DECISION MAKING

Part II THE SYSTEM AND EARLY DECISION MAKING. Chapter 4 The Police. Outline. What Is the History of Police-Juvenile Relations? What Are the Juveniles’ Attitudes Toward the Police? How Does Police Discretion Affect the Police Response to Juveniles? Factors That Influence Police Discretion.

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Part II THE SYSTEM AND EARLY DECISION MAKING

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  1. Part II THE SYSTEM AND EARLY DECISION MAKING

  2. Chapter 4The Police

  3. Outline • What Is the History of Police-Juvenile Relations? • What Are the Juveniles’ Attitudes Toward the Police? • How Does Police Discretion Affect the Police Response to Juveniles? • Factors That Influence Police Discretion

  4. Outline (cont.) • How Do Police Process Juveniles? • Informal Options: On the Streets • Informal Options: At the Station (Stationhouse Adjustment) • Combined Informal and Formal Processing • Formal Processing: At the Station • What Legal Rights Do Juveniles Have with the Police? • Search and Seizure • Interrogation and Confession • Fingerprinting • Lineups and Photographs

  5. Outline (cont.) • How Are Police Organized to Fight Juvenile Crime? • Departments without Specialized Units of Personnel • Departments with Specialized Units of Personnel

  6. Outline (cont.) • How is Policing Evolving Today? • What Are the Problems of Community-Oriented Policing? • What Is Restorative Justice Policing? • Formalizing Police Referral Programs

  7. Objectives • To examine juveniles’ attitudes toward the police • To discuss police intervention with the various types of juvenile offenders • To examine the legal rights of arrested juveniles • To portray the various ways police departments handle juvenile crime

  8. 1. Trace the history of police-juvenile relations.

  9. Hints (pp. 91-93): • Puritan times • 1830s to 1840s • Industrialization • Informal enforcement • Prevention • Juvenile programs • Budgetary problems

  10. 2. What are the attitudes of different types of juveniles toward the police?

  11. Hints (pp. 93–95): • 1960s, Portune, Bouma • Increasing age of students • Perception of friends’ attitudes • Majority opinions • Minorities vs. whites • Number wanting to be police officers • Monitoring the Future Study

  12. 3. What is police discretion?

  13. Police discretion means that police are able to make legally sanctioned choices as to what they do with a juvenile.

  14. What are the factors that most influence police discretion?

  15. Hints (pp. 98): • Offense • Complaints • Sex • Race • SES • Individual characteristics • Others?

  16. What are the different ways police process juveniles?

  17. Hints (pp. 98-99): • Informal: on the Streets • Informal: at the Station • Combined informal and formal processing • Formal processing: at the station

  18. Give examples of informal options on the streets.

  19. Hints (p. 98-99): • An officer talks to a youth bully about changing his or her ways • An officer becomes friends with local youths • An officer writes down a juvenile’s name and address for future reference

  20. Give examples of informal options at the station (stationhouse adjustment).

  21. Hints (p. 99): • A youth is taken to the station to discuss situation with parents. The youth is later sent home with his or her parents. • Officers unofficially direct parents or youth to an anger management class or another program to deal with any problems they may have. • Officers work with schools to get juveniles back into school or into other special programs.

  22. Give examples of combined informal and formal processing.

  23. Hints (p. 99): • Juvenile is taken into custody or arrested; he or she is then booked, talked to, and released without further action. • Juvenile is taken into custody; community agencies are then notified that a youth needs their services and the youth is either sent to the agency or the agency picks up the youth.

  24. Give examples of formal processing at the station.

  25. Hints (pp. 99): • Youth taken into custody is booked, fingerprinted, and then referred to juvenile intake. The youth may then be placed in a secure detention center. • Parents of youth are called to the police station and, after booking, the youth is released into their care.

  26. 4. What does the Fourth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States protect?

  27. The Fourth Amendment protects citizens from unauthorized search and seizure.

  28. What are some important Supreme Court cases concerning the Fourth Amendment, and what do they say?

  29. Hints (pp.100–101): • Mapp v. Ohio • State v. Lowery • New Jersey v. TLO

  30. Discuss the rights and obligations of the following in conducting school searches (Focus On Law 4.2, pp. 103–104): • School officials • Consent searches • Locker searches • Vehicle searches • Drug-detection canines • Surveillance technology • Metal detectors • Non-consensual person searches • Point of entry searches

  31. 5. What does the Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution state?

  32. The Fourteenth Amendment states that standards of fairness and due process must be used in obtaining confessions. The totality of the circumstances in extracting confessions must also be taken into consideration in determining the appropriateness of a confession.

  33. What are some major Fourteenth Amendment cases concerning interrogation and confessions? Discuss them.

  34. Hints (pp. 105-106): • Brown v. Mississippi • Haley v. Ohio • Miranda v. Arizona • In re Gault • Fare v. Michael C. • Commonwealth v. Guyton

  35. 6. What is fingerprinting, and why is it controversial?

  36. Hints (p. 106-107): • Davis v. Mississippi • Youth records • Use as evidence

  37. 7. What is a lineup?

  38. A lineup consists of the police placing a number of suspects in front of witnesses or victims who try to identify the person who committed the crime against them.

  39. What are the rights of juveniles in lineups?

  40. Hints (pp. 107): • United States v. Wade • Kirby v. Illinois • In re Holley

  41. 8. How do different types of police departments handle the problems of juvenile crime?

  42. The major goal of police departments is simply to maintain order and keep the peace. There are two major roles: to prevent crime––the proactive role–– and to solve crimes after an offense occurs––the reactive role. • Smaller departments have specialized units to deal with juvenile crime, and juvenile offenses are dealt with as a routine part of police work.

  43. 9. What is a juvenile officer?

  44. An individual officer that works solely with juvenile crime.

  45. 10. What is a juvenile unit?

  46. These units have the normal crime-fighting tasks of detecting, investigating, and prosecuting offenders for everything from bicycle thefts to serious felonies.

  47. 11. What is a gang control unit?

  48. It is a unit formed to deal with a specific gang problem and is not a permanent unit within the police force.

  49. 12. What are the special challenges facing police in the community? Describe each.

  50. Hints (pp. 110): • Community policing • Problem-oriented policing • Preventing drug use • Reducing gun use • Gang prevention and deactivation

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