The Industrial Revolution in the United States.

1. The Industrial Revolution in the United States.

4. The Rise of Industrialism

5. The Rise of Industrialism • The Rise of Industrialism • Industrialism, a change in Production from hand craftsmanship to machine manufacturing • By the turn of the century the U.S. ranked first in the world for Industrial goods. • Key Factors in Industrial Growth • Abundant supply of Natural Resources • Opening of Industrial markets • Population shifts from rural to urban • Expanded labor supply fueled by Immigration

6. Government Support for Industrialism The government: • Helped Industries with loans • Maintained laissez faire or a hands off policy • No taxes on personal incomes • No environmental controls

8. Invention and Innovation • Spirit of Innovation • 676,000 of patents between 1860 and 1900 • Urban Canters became magnets business entrepreneurs • Development of Steel production • Henry Bessemer perfected steel production • Electricity becomes widespread • Inventions fueled by electricity included the telegraph, telephone, escalators, elevators, and central heat. • Machines Increase Production • New machines included: sewing machine, bicycle, and automobiles.

10. Industrial Leaders • Industrial Giants • John D. Rockefeller founded Standard Oil Company which controlled 90 percent of oil industry. • Attempted to monopolize the oil industry • Andrew Carnegie founded Carnegie Steel. • Used the “Bessemer steel process.” • Other Industrial Leaders • Cornelius “Commodore” Vanderbilt- railroads • Swift & Armour-Captains of the meatpacking industry • Guggemheim family controlled billions of dollars of copper

12. Other Industrial Leaders • The McCormicks founded International Harvest company and controlled the reaper business • The Duke family controlled tobacco • J.P. Morgan was the Financier of them all and one of the builders of Wall street • This period of time was known as the Gilded Age. • Social Darwinism: the theory that taught only the strong survived (in society and business)

15. Trusts and Government Corruption • Trusts influence Government Affairs • Monopoly: complete control of the entire supply of goods or of a service in a certain area or market; complete ownership or control of something. • Trusts: an arrangement in which someone's property or money is legally held or managed by someone else or by an organization (such as a bank) for usually a set period of time • Horizontal and Vertical Integration

16. Government Corruption • City governments were run by political machines and bosses that catered to industrial interests. • Political Machines: An organized group that controlled the activities of a political party in a city; offering services to voters and businesses in exhange for political or financial support • Graft: the illegal use of political influence for personal gain • Patronage: the giving of government jobs to people who helped a candidate get elected (AKA: The spoils system) • Civil Service: government administration

18. Criticism & Defense of Big Business • Wealthy Americans faced criticism • Industrialists defended Big business • Philanthropists supported moral efforts

20. The Impact of Indutrialism

21. The Impact of Industrialism • Industrialism benefited the Middle Class • Technological advances benefited members of the upper and middle classes. • New opportunities in clerical, sales, and technology created jobs for women • Most Americans viewed industrialism as drudgery and hardship • Laborers faced harsh working conditions • Men and women worked 10 to 12 hour days, 6 days a week. • Low pay was common in the factories

23. Changes and Discrimination in the Workforce • Industrialism and Women • Industrialists recruited women, children, ethnic minorities, and Immigrants • Young, single women carved out new opportunities • Child Labor was common practice and children were forced into mostly dangerous positions with low pay • Managers pitted one group against the other.

24. Lawerence Mill Strike, 1912

25. Organized Labor • Worker began organizing into labor or trade unions. • The Knights of Labor aimed to secure an 8 hour work day, income tax, the elimination of child labor and equal pay. • The American Federation of Labor under Samuel Gompers focused on higher wages, safer working conditions, and union representation. • Business resisted unions and strikes often resulted in violence.

27. Triangle!

29. Food Contamination and Muckrakers • Consumers Fraud • Consumers had no safeguards against poor quality products or misleading advertizing • Meat Packing Industry • The Jungle by Upton Sinclair described conditions in Chicago’s meatpacking industry • Writers focused on exposing societies ills rather than solving them. • Muckraker’s efforts paved the way for future reforms.

31. The Toll on the Environment • Environmental concerns • 19th Century businesses used nonrenewable, polluting fuels such as oil, coal and natural gas. • Deforestation • Clear-Cutting is a method of deforestation used by logging companies to clear whole sections of land at a time • Air & Water pollution

32. The Toll on the Environment • Air & Water pollution • Cities manipulated natural routes to supply their industries • Environmental Reformers • Scientific Forest Management would cut down trees only to the extent of annual growth • Preservationists wanted total preservation fo America’s natural landscape • Famous environmentalists included John Muir and Gifford Pinchot.