NPOESS P 3 I Space Demonstration of 3D wind observations using Doppler Wind Lidar (DWL)

1. NPOESS P3I Space Demonstration of 3D wind observations usingDoppler Wind Lidar (DWL) DWL Mission Definition Team April 18, 2005 21 April 05

2. Outline • The 3D wind mission overview • General mission description • Motivation • The Instrument Concept • The Observing Plan • The Mission Strategy • NPOESS P3I opportunity • Vital national needs and data requirements • Meeting the requirements with DWLs (the future) • The NPOESS wind lidar mission concept • The argument for the dual technology approach • The expectations of an adaptive targeting ops plan • Mission challenges • Logical Next Steps • NPOESS Mission Teaming Possibilities • Summary • Backup Charts • More on the need for wind observations • More on the DWL technology heritage and roadmaps • More on the NPOESS Adaptive Targeting Mission

3. General Mission Description • The goal is to obtain global 3D wind observations within the troposphere ( and lower stratosphere) using a Doppler Wind Lidar flown as a P3I on NPOESS. • The initial mission would have two primary objectives: • Demonstrate performance of the first 3D horizontal vector wind sounder in space leading to a fully operational deployment • Demonstrate data utility to civilian and military atmospheric operations and research communities and prepare users for optimal use of the “high impact” wind data • To optimize the return on the mission investment, the instrument would be operated in an adaptive targeting mode. • Synergisms with other NPOESS instruments will be pursued.

4. Motivation • The NWP communities and the NPOESS program have identified 3D global tropospheric (and stratospheric) winds as having the highest priority as a new observing capability. Global tropospheric winds are NPOESS’s #1 unaccomodated EDR. • Computer modeling studies at NCEP, NASA and ESA show that 3D tropospheric wind profiles are critical to advancing operational forecasting skills. • Cost benefit studies show that global 3D wind observations would have significant cost/safety impacts on aviation (> $100M$/yr), severe weather preparation (evacuation cost avoidance > 100M$/yr) and military operations (>15M$/yr)

5. The Achievable Instrument • Based upon NASA/NOAA funded studies of several DWL concepts, the mission definition team has selected a dual technology approach for its initial consideration. This approach optimizes the data return given the available platform resources. • The NPOESS P3I wind sounder would include a: • Coherent detection sub-system to provide wind data at cloud tops and within optically thin clouds; in the boundary layer below clear regions and broken cloud decks, aerosols permitting. Primary vertical coverage: boundary layer and cloudy regions up to 20 km • Direct detection sub-system to provide wind profiles above the boundary layer in cloud free (or thin cloud) regions, including the important tropopause region, using the return from molecules in the atmosphere. Primary vertical coverage: clear regions from 3 km to 20 km • The instrument would scan its laser beams in a stepwise fashion, providing both components of the horizontal wind at 1 km intervals above the boundary layer and .25-.5 km within the boundary layer. • The current design concept would require an average of ~350 - 400 watts : the coherent sub-system would be on continuously (~80 watts) and the direct subsystem would operate on a 10% duty cycle (~250 watts average; 850 peak).

6. NPOESS 3D wind profiler system (dual DWL technologies) Molecular Subsystem Common DWL systems Aerosol Subsystem Dual wavelength Scanner/mirror

7. The Plan – Adaptive Targeting • Based upon IPO funded studies and the experience of NOAA/NCEP, adaptive targeting will be used in the initial NPOESS mission to maximize the impact of the resources available. • Targets can be identified by several methods including • Pre-launch selection of current data voids • Near real time model-based selection of data sensitive regions • “On-board” detection of targets of opportunity • Given the exploratory nature of the P3I mission, the targeting will be a major component of the data utility evaluation.

8. DWL Sampling Concept Measure vertical stack of Target Sample Volumes (TSVs) Average shots within TSV Fore and aft perspectives resolve horizontal wind vectors 2 ground tracks

9. Adaptive Targeting Adaptive targeting with emphasis on CONUS interests ( Blue is coherent coverage Red is both coherent and direct) Adaptive Targeting Experiments Example of targeting a hurricane as it approaches the Gulf coast. (blue segments: forward looks; Red segments: aft looks; Blue plus red Provide full horizontal wind vector)

10. Potential Impact on Hurricane Forecasting (Example Ivan) Current data Divergence Profile Lidar Improved Track Prediction Lidar provides the critical divergence profile Lidar Improved Intensity Prediction Based upon QuickOSSEs done at GSFC by R. Atlas

11. Steps to a NPOESS Mission • Prepare to respond to NPOESS for flight opportunities • Develop a detailed mission plan/roadmap • Advance TRLs for critical subsystems • Pursue joint industrial and government participation • Establish partnerships • Develop instrument • Exploratory development phase (e.g. NASA Instrument Incubator Program (IIP)) • Instrument build, test, and demonstration • Airborne DWL testbed to refine instrument design and operations plan and to provide users with precursor data sets • Deliver a space-qualified instrument 18 months before planned launch • Integrate onto NPOESS platform • Operate for a minimum design lifetime of 3 years

12. Vital National Need • …greatest unmet observational requirement for improving weather forecasts • NPOESS Integrated Program Office (IPO) • World Meteorological Organization (WMO) • Global Earth Observation System of Systems (GEOSS) • Supports missions of NOAA, NASA, DOD, FAA, EPA, FEMA, DOT, DOE, USDA, and the Department of Homeland Security • NASA’s Weather Research Roadmap includes a global tropospheric wind observing mission

13. Societal Benefits to Government, Industry, Academia • Weather and air quality forecasting • Extreme weather forecasting (e.g. hurricane) • Military and civilian aircraft and shipping operations • Agriculture (rainfall, frost, temperature) • Construction • Energy infrastructure demand and risk forecasts • Homeland security • Atmospheric and climate studies • Ecosystems impacts via droughts, productivity, fire • Meteorological data for survivability of species

14. Military Applications • Near-real time analysis of global tropospheric winds • Environmental intelligence made available via command and control systems aids operational decisions • Input to numerical weather prediction models • Improves planning and execution of a broad scale of joint military missions

15. Example: Military Missions Affected by Numerical Weather Prediction • Space Launch • Flight Planning/Aviation Ops • Dispersion Forecasts for NBC Releases • Precision Weapons Delivery/Strike Option Planning • Precision Airdrop • Reconnaissance • Aerial Refueling • Artillery • Battle Space Awareness

16. A roadmap to realized benefits

17. Hurricanes Cause Major Damages and Loss of Life Storms in the last 20 years with > $5B (2002 $) damage each add up to > $100 Billion and 400 lives

18. Wind Lidar Will Improve Hurricane Forecasts • Reduce preventable property damage > $2.5B over 20 years • 2.5% reduction from better preventive actions * • 9 worst US storms > $100B* damage and > 400 deaths.** • Reduce over-warnings > $1.4B over 20 years • Assumptions • 17% less landfall warning error for average of 2 storms/year*** • Now over-warn 350km of coast • 17% of the over-warned coast is 60km or 37 miles. • $1M per mile for precautionary costs would save $37M/storm. Total Savings ~ $200M Each Year * Cordes, 1995 “Economic benefits and costs of developing and deploying a space-based wind lidar”, Final Report to NWS ** www.ncdc.noaa.gov/billionz.html *** Storm climatology and simulations for global 3D winds in NWP

19. Example: Aviation Fuel Savings with Wind Data • U.S. Airlines fuel (2004) • 18.7 billion gallons @ average $1.15 per gallon* • Estimated fuel savings with wind data • 0.5% domestic • 1.0% international (less wind data) ** • > $130M Savings / year • Estimated military aviation fuel savings > $15M/yr** Total Savings > $145M Each Year * Air Transport Association, http://www.airlines.org/econ/files/fuel.xls ** Cordes, 1995 “Economic benefits and costs of developing and deploying a space-based wind lidar”, Final Report to NWS

20. Global Wind Data Requirements • NPOESS Integrated Operational Requirements Document (IORD) included P3I wind profile objectives: • IORD I (1996) • IORD II (2001) • Global Tropospheric Wind Sounder (GTWS) acquisition study • Data requirement workshop attended by NASA, NOAA and academia (2001) • WMO requirements are very similar to those vetted within the GTWS workshop • Strategy: use the GTWS threshold requirements for NPOESS P3I mission in adaptively targeted areas.

21. NPOESS P3I 3D Wind MissionData Requirements GTWS ≤ IORD GTWS ~= IORD 1. Based upon GTWS threshold requirements 2. IORD-II did not identify wind threshold requirements

22. Requirements (cont’d) GTWS ≤ IORD GTWS ~= IORD

23. DWLs can meet the requirements • Observing System Simulation Experiments (OSSEs) at NOAA/NCEP and NASA/GSFC have consistently documented improvements in weather forecasts not attainable by current (or improved versions) space-based observing systems • Space-based DWLs provide contiguous profiles of wind shear not achieved by scatterometers, CMV and surface networks. • DWLs can be designed to provide wind observations throughout the troposphere and lower stratosphere, even in the presence of clouds

24. Why dual technologies? • The three basic DWL options: • Direct detection of molecular motion • Direct detection of aerosol motion • Coherent detection of aerosol motion • Basic direct-only and coherent-only instrument concepts to meet GTWS threshold requirements • Evaluated by NASA’s ISAL and IMDC in 2001 • Resulting instrument size, mass, and power were very large

25. First proposed in 1995 as WOS/H (Wind Observing Satellite/Hybrid) Capitalizes on the strengths of both technologies Coherent detection probes lower troposphere with high accuracy below clouds and in regions of enhanced aerosols Direct detection provides broad coverage of mid/upper troposphere (+ stratosphere) with modest accuracy Reduces costs Smaller instrument Shared launch; platform; pointing control, data collection, operations Possibly sharing scanner/telescope. Provides redundancy, options for multi-wavelength research and opportunity for synergisms with other platform sensors. Why dual technologies (cont’)

26. The Dual Technology Advantage • These numbers are for a 400 km orbiting DWL meeting GTWS threshold requirements (at 833km power draw would be ~ 5X greater for the lasers) • Numbers in () indicate hybrid advantage • Coherent (100% duty); Direct (10% duty)

27. Uses two lidar subsystems One direct detection, the other coherent Complementary measurement properties Direct detection subsystem Detects doppler shift from atmospheric molecules Operates everywhere, 0 to 20 km altitude Provides useful wind observations in cloud free regions Coherent subsystem Meets requirements in regions of high aerosol backscatter (dust layers, clouds, PBL aerosols) The Hybrid Instrument

28. Why Adaptive Targeting? • As is the case with many observation data sets, only a fraction may be useful for a given objective. Such may be the case for wind observations needed to improve weather forecasts. • NASA and NOAA studies suggest targeted (~ 10-20%) observations of full tropospheric winds could yield impacts close to continuous observations • Given the NPOESS orbit altitude (824 km) and available resources (~ 400 W), the MDT considers adaptive targeting appropriate to both demonstrate highly useful data over limited areas and yield significant global impact.

29. Primary Targets for Hybrid/AT* • Significant Shear regions • Requires contiguous observations in the vertical. Thus both direct and coherent detection technologies are needed. • Divergent regions • Requires some cross track coverage. Identified by NCEP adaptive targeting scheme(s) • Partly cloudy regions • Requires measurement accuracy weakly dependent upon shot integration (i.e., coherent detection). • Tropics • Tropical cyclones (in particular, hurricanes & typhoons). Requires penetration of high clouds and partly cloudy scenes. *AT: Adaptive Targeting

30. DWLs greatly improve hurricane track predictions Potential Impact of new space-based observations on Hurricane Track Prediction Based on OSSEs at NASA Laboratory for Atmospheres • Tracks • Green: actual track • Red: forecast • Blue: improved forecast for same time period with simulated wind lidar • Lidar in this one case • Indicates the hurricane will make landfall • Savings of 10’s of millions $$ in avoided evacuation costs

31. Comparison of current rawinsonde wind sounding coverage with that possible with the proposed NPOESS AT wind sounder Rawinsondes provide nearly all directly measured vertical profiles of the wind field used by NWP Locations for complete DWL soundings using a 10 minute on and 90 minute off schedule (not adaptively targeted)

32. Example of AT coverage with CONUS interests only Red: direct detection coverage; Blue: coherent detection coverage

33. Example Adaptive Targeting coverage

34. Example of vertical AT coverage With background aerosol distribution Red: < 4 m/s error Blue: < 1.5 m/s error With convectively pumped aerosol distribution

35. Adaptive Targeting OSSE(performed at NASA/GSFC) 1999

36. Forecast impact of 10% duty cycle AT Add 100% duty cycle lidar Add 10% duty cycle lidar Better Add cloud winds Conventional data

37. DWL Bonus Data and Synergisms • DWL observations address other NPOESS EDRs (accommodated and unaccommodated) and/or enhance the usability of data from other NPOESS and GOES instruments • Spot validation of CRIS-derived winds over the poles • Spot calibration of CMIS ocean surface winds • Provide near-surface Coastal Winds (an unaccommodated NPOESS EDR) where scatterometers (passive & active) are ineffective • Spot height assignment for GOES Cloud Motion Vectors • Other potential opportunities • Multi-wavelength atmospheric chemistry • CO2 profiles (Coherent using 2 micron double pulse for DIAL operations)

38. DWL Bonus Data andSynergisms (continued) • European Space Agency’s (ESA) Atmospheric Dynamics Mission (ADM) DWL mission • Strengths • Important demonstration of DWL technology • Global wind fields from polar orbit • Data will be assimilated into numerical models • 2007 launch schedule will provide instrument and atmospheric knowledge for US mission • Weaknesses • No scanning capability • Single perspective view into Target Sample Volume • Can’t resolve full horizontal wind vector • Limited coverage- single track • Anticipate poor boundary layer performance

39. DWL Technology Readiness • Much of critical technology is mature and ready for space qualification (some subsystems already at Technology Readiness Level 7) • Investments within NASA, NOAA and DoD are in place to move some remaining subsystems to Technology Readiness Level > 5

40. Technology Readiness (cont’) • Coherent • Demonstrated 1J at 2 microns (LaRC) • Airborne Wind Sounder (IPO and ONR) • Ground-based DWLs (DoD, NASA, NOAA) • Use subsystems developed and tested under SPARCLE initiative • Direct Detection • Subsystem space-heritage in GLAS (altimetry and backscatter) • Ground-based system demonstration (NOAA, NASA)

41. Recent DWL Technology Activities

42. Mission Design Team Recommends a Multi-agency, Partnership Background • NASA and NOAA Background • GTWS partnership • Develop, demonstrate, and validate instruments • Provide data products, assimilation, processing • Conduct OSSEs to validate impacts and benefits • GroundWinds, BalloonWinds team includes government, university and industry partners • IPO supported • Technology and data utility risk reduction • Ground and airborne experiments and demonstrations • Calibration and validation studies • IPO proposal (1998, 1999) to STP was not supported for instrument build from non-DoD agency • Navy supported airborne experiments .

43. NPOESS MissionTeaming Possibilities

44. Overview of Steps to a NPOESS Mission • Prepare to respond to a future AO from NPOESS for flight opportunities • Establish partnerships • Develop instrument • Operate for a minimum design lifetime of 3 years

45. Summary • Global wind observations are the number one unaccommodated EDR for NPOESS • Combining coherent and direct detection technologies in a hybrid DWL instrument is the best path forward • Adaptive targeting of observations provides the highest level of data utility, given the NPOESS platform resources available to P3I • The Mission Definition Team is looking for partners to provide the instrument build and system integration (NPOESS is to provide the launch, platform support and data communications)

46. Backup Slides

47. The Needs and Requirements for Global Winds(Additional Slides)

48. Vital National Need • Benefits Government, industry, academia, and general population • Numerous applications, including • Weather forecasting • Military operations, targeting, plume tracking • Military and civilian aircraft and shipping operations • Hurricane forecasting • Atmospheric and climate studies • Air quality forecasting • Agriculture • Construction

49. Vital National Need • Public Law 108-360, 2004, Title II Windstorm Impact Reduction • Hurricanes, tropical storms, tornadoes, and thunderstorms • Significant loss of life, injury, destruction, economic and social disruption • US sustains several $B damages annually • Actions include: improved data collection and analysis and impact prediction methodologies • Interagency Working Group on Earth Observations • Environmental information affects 30% of US GDP • 1o F better weather forecasts can save $1B electricity • Natural disasters cost $105B globally • US billion dollar weather-related disasters • 62 events > $1 billion from 1980-2004 • Total over $390 billion in 2002 dollars

50. Vital National Need Number of Events Damage Amounts in $Billions