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Guomindang. Qing falls in 1912. Opens door for political struggle. Warlords, merchants and bankers, students and educators all seek power Sun Yat-sen, head of the Revolutionary Alliance, claims succession to the dynasty, but lacked power to counter warlord opposition
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Guomindang • Qing falls in 1912. Opens door for political struggle. Warlords, merchants and bankers, students and educators all seek power • Sun Yat-sen, head of the Revolutionary Alliance, claims succession to the dynasty, but lacked power to counter warlord opposition • Tries to establish a European style parliament
Guomindang • ·Sun Yat-sen. • ·Ideology based on strong central government, social reforms for peasants and worker • ·Guomindang leaders ignored social reforms and focused on political and international issues. Support for the party came from businesspeople and merchants
Guomindang • He is powerless and resigns to Yuan Shikai in 1912 who creates and autocratic regime • Japan begins expansion in China. Treaty of Versailles grants them part of China’s land • Nationalist demonstrations begin. Confucianism rejected in favor of Western ideas • Many Chinese wanted more alternatives and looked to Russia (Marxism). Communist Party of China 1921
Guomindang • First head is Chiang Kai-shek Becomes leader of Guomindang after Sun’s death. Defeated most warlords and gains recognition • Moves against Communist allies in 1927. Civil war lasts until 1949. • Guomindang leaderships concern with party organization kept from meeting the serious problems of China, economy and society. • Sun Yat-sen was ignorant of rural conditions and poverty.
Mao Zedong • Ideology based on peasant support to solve China’s problems. • Advocated Marxist strategies based on the Urban working class.
Revolution • Chiang had the support of the richest and most powerful groups. Merchants/Business. • Urban worker opposition had been crushed and the peasants waited to see if the Guomindang would support them. • Brutal repression of the Communists strengthened Mao’s standing as the survivors retreated to the countryside.
Long March • Communists gathered and carried out land reform. • Chiang attacked the Communists forcing Mao and his followers to set off on the Long March. End up in North China. • Mao becomes leader of the Communist Party.
Revolution • Face serious attack by Chiang in 1937. • Chiang has to face the Japanese during WW II. • Chiang and Mao ally. For the next 7 years war against Japan replaces the Civil war. • War strengthens the Communist at the expense of the Guomindang who were defeated by the Communists using conventional warfare. • Communists fought guerilla campaigns.
Revolution • Intellectuals and students changed their allegiance to the Communists. • By 1945, Communists are in control and win the remaining Civil War. Take control in 1949. • Mao wins with peasant support. Land reform, education and improved health care gave them reason to support.
Economic Growth • Industrialization. Drew on countryside for support. • Centralized state planning and privileged class of urban technocrats were unacceptable to Mao. • Mass Line—Formation of agricultural cooperatives. • Then farming cooperatives. • Intellectuals purged.
Great Leap Forward • Small-scale industrialization aimed at creating self-reliant peasant communes. • Peasants reacted against collectivization and China experiences its worse famine ever. • Growing population and state rejection of family planning had to change. • Mao loses his position as State Chairman.
Gang of Four • Cultural revolution where opponents were attacked, killed or forced into rural labor. • Deng Xiaoping imprisoned. • Eventually, the leaders win out and China is opened to Western influence and capitalist development, but not political reform.
