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資訊組織研究 : 分類表，標題表與索引典

資訊組織研究 : 分類表，標題表與索引典. 張迺貞. 知識組織系統 (Knowledge Organization System, KOS). 泛指所有可促進知識管理的資訊組織系統 組織資訊並有效管理取用 用詞清單 / 術語工具 (term lists) - 權威檔 、 詞彙表 、 字辭典 、 地名辭典 分類與類目工具 (classifications and categories) - 主題標目 、 分類表 概念關係表 (relationship lists) - 索引典 、 語義網路 、 本體論 （ Ontologies ）.

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資訊組織研究 : 分類表，標題表與索引典

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  1. 資訊組織研究:分類表，標題表與索引典 張迺貞

  2. 知識組織系統(Knowledge Organization System, KOS) • 泛指所有可促進知識管理的資訊組織系統 • 組織資訊並有效管理取用 • 用詞清單/術語工具(term lists) -權威檔、詞彙表、字辭典、地名辭典 分類與類目工具(classifications and categories) -主題標目、分類表 概念關係表(relationship lists) -索引典、語義網路、本體論（Ontologies） Naicheng Chang

  3. KOS的應用 • 圖書館：分類表,主題標目,權威檔 • 索摘服務(Abs & indexing service): • 出版者(Publishers)： 電子排版系統,電子期刊成長,從瀏覽書目記錄進而 連接全文 • 貿易專業及政府組織 (Trade, Professional, and Government Organizations)： 不同的分類表和權威檔支援企業界和商業活動,使 用在採購和政府統計 • 內部計畫(Internal Projects)： 許多特別分類表,詞彙表和其他組織內部會用的字 彙被內部成員在製作計畫時使用 Naicheng Chang

  4. 連結數位圖書館資源到相關資源 KOS在數位內容系統中最重要的應用,主要是藉由知識體系串連相關資源,目前已經被使用的模式包括:擴展代碼到更有解釋性的全文,提供更有描述能力的紀錄,或將物件名稱連結到實體標本的資源 • 擴展代碼至全文： 1連結序列號碼至生物基因資料庫： 2連結個別產業代碼至完整系統： • 連結到描述性的紀錄： 1生物名稱與分類記錄連結： 2化學名稱與分子結構連結： 3將個人名稱與傳記資訊連結： 4將物件名稱與實體標本連結： Naicheng Chang

  5. 其他社群使用 • 主題檢索： 針對不同領域的讀者群設計 • 數位圖書館新模式： Geolibrary (裝載各式地圖參考資訊的圖書館) • 多種語言檢索： 針對不同社區社群,需有多種語言索引典 Naicheng Chang

  6. Authority Data Structures Ontologies Semantic networksThesauri Relationship Groups: Strongly-structured Classification schemes TaxonomiesCategorization schemes Classification &Categorization: Subject Headings Synonym RingsAuthority FilesGlossaries/DictionariesGazetteers Weakly-structured Term Lists: Pick lists Natural language Controlled language Naicheng Chang

  7. Existing KOS (1) • Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH) • Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) • ERIC Thesaurus (ERIC) • Inspec Thesaurus • Inspec Classification • Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC) • Library of Congress Classification (LCC) • Universal Decimal Classification (UDC) • HEREIN Thesaurus • Alexandria Digital Library (ADL) Gazetteer and Thesaurus • Schlagwortnormdatei (SWD) • Regenburger Verbund Klassifikation (RVK) • RAMEAU: repertoire d'authorite de matieres encyclopedique unifie • Art and Architecture Thesaurus (AAT) • National Agriculture Library Subject Headings • … … Naicheng Chang

  8. Structure Combined Language Combined V C Global environment Existing KOS (2) Verbal based AAT LCSH RAMEU INSPEC Thesaurus MeSH Code based UDC RVK DDC LCC Integrated INSPEC MeSH Hierarchy Naicheng Chang

  9. Possible Rules of KOS Construction in FRSAR • Different rules and guidelines • AACR2, Z39.19, RAK (Regeln für die alphabetische Katalogisierung), ISO5964, ISO2788, IFLA Principles UnderlyingSubject Heading Languages (SHLs) … • No rules • Indirect/Inherent use of rules (by example) Naicheng Chang

  10. ISKO’s Mission • Founded in 1989, ISKO is the leading international society for organization of knowledge. ISKO has a broad and interdisciplinary scope. ISKO's mission is to advance conceptual work in knowledge organization in all kinds of forms, and for all kinds of purposes, such as databases, libraries, dictionaries and the Internet. • As an interdisciplinary society, ISKO brings together professionals from many different fields. ISKO counts more than 500 members all over the world, from fields such as information science, philosophy, linguistics, computer science, as well as special domains such as medical informatics. Naicheng Chang

  11. Knowledge Organization • is the official quarterly journal of ISKO. It was founded in 1973 by Dr. Ingetraut Dahlberg, the first President of ISKO, Naicheng Chang

  12. SKOS • Simple Knowledge Organisation System(s) • Simple, extensible, machine-understandable representation for “concept schemes” • Thesauri • Classification Schemes • Taxonomies • Subject Headings • Other types of ‘controlled vocabulary’… Naicheng Chang

  13. SKOS Development • Developed by W3C’s Semantic Web Best Practices-WG • Draft for Working Group Note • Design: public, consensus-driven, open community, email • Input from actual vocabulary maintainers Naicheng Chang

  14. Motivation Semantic Web technology can help improve search facilities and reuse: • Concept-based search instead of text-based search 2. Reuse each other’s concept definitions 3. Search across (institution) boundaries 4. Standard software Naicheng Chang

  15. Metadata and the World Wide Web • Semantic Web • Topic Maps Naicheng Chang

  16. The Semantic Web Tim Berners-Lee’s vision: • “The current Web has documents for people, not computers. By augmenting Web pages with data designed for automated processing, users will transform the Web into the Semantic Web.” • “Computers will find the meaning of semantic data by following hyperlinks to definitions of key terms and rules for reasoning about them logically.” Naicheng Chang

  17. The Semantic Web • Brings structure to the meaningful content of Web pages • Creates an environment where software agents can readily carry out sophisticated tasks for users, such as applications in electronic commerce. Naicheng Chang

  18. The Semantic Web:An Architecture Trust Rules Digital signature Data Proof Data Logic Self- describing documents. Ontology vocabulary RDF + RDFschema XML + XML namespaces + XMLschema Unicode URI Naicheng Chang Source: Tim Berners-Lee

  19. SWWS • The International Semantic Web Working Symposium since 2001 Naicheng Chang

  20. the Semantic Web can only be reached when • XML family of specifications is in place • Consensus on the content of the metadata elements Naicheng Chang

  21. Topic MapsISO/IEC 13250:2000 • Are finding aids for the Web • Play same role as indexes play in books • Can be formatted as specific kinds of aids, such as ontologies (building knowledge domain maps); glossaries (listing words and their meanings) thesauri (indexing languages) Naicheng Chang

  22. Data to be included as topics • Any faceted or non-faceted scheme - International Standard for Language Codes (ISO 639) - DDC or UDC - …… Naicheng Chang

  23. Current states of Semantic Web and Topic Maps • Not yet used very much • More in research labs than on the market • Have potential being key technologies for knowledge management in digital libraries Naicheng Chang

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