Occupational Safety and Health

1. Occupational Safety and Health

2. Global Estimates (Annually) • 1.2 million work-related deaths • 250 million accidents • 160 million work-related diseases • 4% of gross national product is lost

3. Scale of accidents and incidents in occupation The cost of accidents and occupational diseases in EU-15countries ranges between 2.6...3.8%of GNP (Gross National Product)* Investments of EU-25countriesin the science 1.86%GNP** • One worker died every 2 hours • One worker became a victim of accident every 5 seconds • 4900 fatalities occurredin 7.6 millionaccidents at work • 4.9 millionaccidents resulted in more the 3 days of absence from work *Georgios Katalagarianakis (European Commision, DG Research), General Assembly of ETPIS, February 2007, Stuttgart. **Eurostat, OECD.

4. The Costs of China's Modernization Industrial accidents and disasters are responsible for over one million casualties and the loss of six percent of GDP every year.

5. Occupational Injuries (Hong Kong) Acknowledgement to Hong Kong Occupational Safety and Health Council

6. Industrial Accidents (Hong Kong)

7. Occupational Diseases

8. Number of Confirmed Occupational Diseases in 2001

9. Terminology • Safety - Control of accidental loss • Accident - Any undesired circumstance which gives rise to all health or injury; damage to property, products or environment; production losses; or increased liabilities. • Incident - all undesired circumstances & near miss which have the potential to cause accidents.

10. Pyramid of accidents Serious injury Minor injury Properties damages Incidents (near miss)

11. What Causes Injuries? Acts of Unsafe God Conditions 2% 20% 20% 78 % Unsafe Acts 78% UNSAFE CONDITIONS UNSAFE ACTS ACTS OF GOD • Texas Workers’ Compensation Insurance Fund 2001

12. Cost of accidents • Economic - insured & uninsured • Legal - Civil & Criminal liability • Social - Morale, Image………..

13. Economic Cost Insured cost $ 1 Uninsured misc. cost $ 1-3 Uninsured properties damage cost $ 5-50

14. Economic cost • Uninsured Misc. : • Efficiency • Medical • Administration & Legal • Uninsured properties damage • Damaged machinery & materials lost • Production down time • increased insurance premiums

15. Legal cost • Criminal liability (fine & imprisonment) • Factory & Industrial Undertaking Ordinance • Occupational Safety & Health Ordinance • Other legislation • Civil liability (compensation) • Law of contract • Law of tort

16. Social Cost • Relation with employee (Morale) • Business opportunity • Public relation • Social image

17. REMEMBER………………………..No job is so important and No service is so urgent – that we cannot take time to perform our work safely. Accident Case Study

18. Unsafe Act or Unsafe Condition

19. Industrial safety: among major problems • Industrial safety • Running downof traditional energy sources • Reliability of supply of energy sources • Terrorism • Global warming

20. BP accident in Texas City (23th March 2005)* *Richard Gowland (ETPIS Chairman), 1st ETPIS Mirror Group Meeting, European Council, March 2007, Brussels

21. BP accident in Texas City • 15 workers killed • 170 people injured • Extensive damage to the plant and nearby town Dailly Telegraph 2007 02 12, “Funds turn screw” A group of 39 UK public sector pension funds are turning the screw on BP over the oil major’s safety failures. The Local Authority Person Fund Forum whose members have over 70 *Richard Gowland (ETPIS Chairman), 1st ETPIS Mirror Group Meeting, European Council, March 2007, Brussels

22. Gas Leakage at HKU • Mishandling of acid in an open area • Safety procedures have not been followed • Loose supervision • Evacuation enforced after the accident

23. HP water cleaning • Workers not properly trained for the safe use of equipment • Equipment malfunction • Loose supervision & unclear working procedures • Use of PPE (Personal Protective Equipment ) may help

24. Drainage Construction • ( 星 島 日 報 報 道 ) 屯 門 掃 管 笏 路 一 個 水 務 署 鋪 設 排 水 渠 地 盤 ， 昨 午 發 生 塌 泥 活 埋 工 人 慘 劇 。 兩 名 地 盤 雜 工 在 地 坑 中 工 作 時 ， 疑 因 連 日 天 雨 沖 失 泥 土 ， 逾 噸 重 的 沙 泥 突 然 蓋 下 ， 其 中 一 人 及 時 走 避 ， 另 一 人 則 不 幸 遭 活 埋 。 消 防 員 花 兩 小 時 才 將 其 挖 出 ， 惟 已 告 回 天 乏 術 … • 勞 工 處 人 員 事 後 到 場 調 查 ， 發 現 地 坑 內 並 無 安 全 措 施 設 置 ， 初 步 懷 疑 有 人 為 疏 忽 釀 成 意 外 ， 但 真 正 原 因 仍 要 進 一 步 了 解 。 勞 工 處 人 員 表 示 ， 一 般 情 況 下 ， 地 盤 負 責 人 有 責 任 在 工 程 前 進 行 危 險 評 詁 ， 顯 然 這 個 地 盤 無 進 行 此 項 工 作 。

25. Residence Building Site • （ 星 島 日 報 報 道 ） 觀 塘 月 華 街 兩 個 月 前 造 成 一 死 兩 傷 的 簷 篷 倒 塌 意 外 ， 引 起 各 方 關 注 。 屋 宇 署 調 查 報 告 指 出 ， 意 外 是 由 於 拆 卸 非 法 鐵 籠 ， 而 引 致 簷 篷 倒 塌 。 該 署 已 將 報 告 轉 交 律 政 司 考 慮 進 一 步 行 動 。 法 律 界 人 士 說 ， 這 宗 個 案 將 涉 及 複 雜 的 訴 訟 程 序 ， 但 有 關 單 位 業 主 及 承 建 商 ， 均 可 能 面 對 入 獄 及 罰 款 的 刑 責 。 • 法 律 界 人 士 說 ， 這 宗 意 外 將 會 涉 及 復 雜 的 訴 訟 程 序 ， 業 主 作 為 僭 建 物 擁 有 人 ， 一 定 要 承 擔 法 律 責 任

26. HAZARD AWARENESS

27. HAZARD AWARENESS Identify unsafe acts and conditions • An unsafe act is something that a person habitually does that may result in an accident. • An unsafe condition is something about the physical environment that may present a danger. Determine the corrective actions • Safety shall take corrective action to eliminate the cause of nonconformities in order to prevent recurrence. Corrective action, and the response time to initiate such actions, shall be appropriate to the consequences of the nonconformities. Implement corrective actions • Administrative (through personnel, management, monitoring, limiting worker exposure, measuring performance, training and education, housekeeping and maintenance.) • Engineering (isolation of source, lockout procedure, design, process or procedural changes, monitoring and warning equipment, chemical or material substitution.) • PPE (body protection, fall protection.)

28. Can you find the hazard(s)? 4 2 3 1

29. Is there a Hazard?

30. How about now?

31. Common Workplace Hazards Fire and preventions Safety in Lifting Operations Machinery Safety Working at Heights Chemical Safety Electrical Safety Office

32. Fire • combustible materials used for partitions, fixtures and furniture increase the fire loading in the premises. Due to the lack of proper maintenance and carelessness of staff, fire would be easily occurred. • common causes of fire • smoking materials left unattended • use of flammable liquid and dangerous substances • electrical fire due to short circuit or overloading of electrical apparatuses • mishandling or naked flame (e.g. lighters, matches,candles etc) • arson • obstruction in means of escape

33. Fire • Fire prevention • smoking materials • use of electrical equipment • use of flammable liquids • good housekeeping • maintenance of Fire Services Installation and Equipment (FSI)

34. Safety in Lifting operation • Life appliance • crab, winch, teagle, pulley block, crane, sheerlegs, excavators, pile driver, pile extractor, dragline, aerial ropeway, aerial cable-way transporter, overhead runaway • lifting gear • chain sling, ring, link, hook, plate clamp, shackle, swivel/eyebolt

35. Safety in Lifting operation • causes of lifting accidents • lack of training • poor maintenance • correct plant and equipment not available • misuse of plant and equipment • hurry to get the job done

36. Machinery Safety • Hazards associated with machines • traps • impact • contact • entanglement • ejection • Provision of effective machine layout • spacing • lighting • cables and pipes • ergonomics

37. Machinery Safety • machine layout • spacing : to facilitate access of operation, supervision, maintenance, adjustment and cleaning • lighting: general and local (for specific operations) • cable and pipes: to allow safe access and to avoid tripping, with sufficient headroom • ergonomics: provision of seating, correct placing of controls, positioning of operating stations and height of work tables

38. Working at Heights • works at height - definition • any person who is working at a level liable to fall a distance more than 2 meters • examples • fall of person due to collapse of scaffold or ladder • fall from height • fall from working platform, gangway, lift shaft and stairway • falling objects

39. Working at Heights • provision of suitable measures • safe use of scaffold • provision of working platform, gangways and runs • provision of guard rails • safe use of ladders • correct pitch (1 meter for every 4 m vertical height) • when locate in doorway, have a man to look after the bottom of the ladder • inspect ladder before use and regularly

40. Chemical Safety • Classification of dangerous substances • explosive • harmful • flammable • toxic • corrosive • oxidizing • irritant

41. Chemical Safety • Steps to reduce risk • labels on containers and receptacles • planning for chemical safety • identification of the hazard to be controlled • assessment of the risk • control of the risk • training of staff • monitoring the effectiveness of the strategy • necessary record-keeping

42. Electrical Safety • causes • damaged insulation • inadequate systems of work • inadequate over current protection (e.g.. fuse, CB) • inadequate earthing • carelessness • loose contacts and connectors • unprotect connectors • poor maintenance and testing • Hazards • electrical shock • arc eyes • ignition of combustible materials • overheating and damage to equipment • electrical explosion

43. Electrical Shock • Received when current passes through the body • Severity of the shock depends on: • Path of current through the body • Amount of current flowing through the body (Currents greater than 75 mA) • Length of time the body is in the circuit

44. Recognize the Hazards

45. Recognize the Hazards Stay at least 10 feet away from overhead lines

46. Office – Potential Risk in office • Visible Risk • Working with computer • Occupational Safety and Health (Display Screen Equipment) Regulation • Personal Health • Poor Working Condition • temperature, air quality, sound level, lighting • Invisible • Work pressure

47. Common Office Safety and Health Hazards What’s Wrong Here?

48. The following are important considerations when attempting to maintain neutral body postures while working at the computer workstation: • Hands, wrists, and forearms are straight, in-line and roughly parallel to the floor.Headis level, or bent slightly forward, forward facing, and balanced. Generally it is in-line with the torso. • Shoulders are relaxed and upper arms hang normally at the side of the body. • Elbows stay in close to the body and are bent between 90 and 120 degrees. VDT Work Positions in Office

49. The following are important considerations when attempting to maintain neutral body postures while working at the computer workstation: • Feet are fully supported by floor or footrest. • Back is fully supported with appropriate lumbar support when sitting vertical or leaning back slightly. • Thighs and hips are supported by a well-padded seat and generally parallel to the floor. • Knees are about the same height as the hips with the feet slightly forward. VDT Work Positions in Office

50. Common Causes of Back Injuries Twisting at the waist while lifting or holding a heavy load . . . this frequently happens when using a shovel.