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Understanding the Endocrine System - Functions, Hormones, Glands, and Disorders

Explore the intricate network of glands in the endocrine system that regulate bodily functions through hormone secretion, learn about different types of hormones and glands, and understand common disorders like diabetes and growth disorders.

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Understanding the Endocrine System - Functions, Hormones, Glands, and Disorders

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  1. Endocrine System Jordan S. Kelsey G. Jena P. Sam P.

  2. Endocrine System • A network of glands that secrete hormones, which travel in the bloodstream and affect the functioning of target cells

  3. Function • Work alongside the nervous system • Maintaining homeostasis throughout the body through feedback mechanisms

  4. Endocrine vs. Exocrine Endocrine Exocrine Secrete fluids out of the body Ex: Sweat and oils • Secrete hormones into the internal environment • Diffuse into the interstitial fluid into the bloodstream and act on target cells

  5. Hormones • Most are steroids synthesized from cholesterol • Or they are amines, peptides, proteins or glycoproteins produced from amino acids, or non-steroid hormones • Stimulate changes in target cells

  6. Steroid Hormones • Cannot dissolve in water but can in lipid • Thus allowing them to enter through the target cell membrane • Steroid bonds to a receptor and triggers transcription of specific regions of DNA resulting in mRNA • Weakly bound to plasma • Released in large quantities near their target cells

  7. Steroid Hormone Diagram

  8. Steroid Video • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CaMKuXKZ70g

  9. Non-Steroid Hormones • Usually bind receptors in target cell membranes • Activates adenylatecylase • Then catalyzes conversion of ATP to cAMP • cAMP promotes a series of reactions leading to cellular changes linked with the hormones action • These hormones do not penetrate the cell membrane into the nucleus as steroid hormones do

  10. Non-Steroid Hormone Diagram

  11. Secretion • Nervous system works to control secretion within the endocrine system • Nerve impulse is transmitted through the neuron • Reaches the glandular cells to secrete a hormone into the bloodstream or to stop the hormone • Hormone responds to target cells • Has no effect on other cells

  12. Location • Endocrine glands are located in: • Brain • Throat • Upper abdominal region • Pelvic Region • Secrete hormones internally

  13. Pituitary Gland Located at the base of the brain where the pituitary stalks connect it to the hypothalamus Anterior Posterior Antidiuretic hormone Oxytocin • Growth hormone • Prolactin • Thyroid Stimulating hormone • Adrenocorticotropic hormone • Follicle stimulating hormone • Luteinizing hormone

  14. Hypothalamus • Attached to the pituitary gland by the pituitary stalk • In charge of releasing the nerve impulses to the posterior pituitary which then signals the hormone release • Controls the secretion of the anterior pituitary • Thyrotropic releasing hormone • Corticotropin releasing hormone

  15. Thyroid Gland • Located just below the larynx on either side and in front of the trachea • Thyroxine • Triodothyronine • Calcitonin

  16. Adrenal Glands Adrenal Medulla Adrenal Cortex Aldosterone Cortisol Sex hormones • Consists of 2 parts: adrenal medulla and the adrenal cortex • The adrenal glad is located right above the kidneys • Epinephrine • Norepinephrine

  17. Reproductive Glands Ovaries Testes Testosterone • 2 Main reproductive organs that secrete important hormones are the ovaries and testes • Located in the pelvic region of the body • Estrogen • Progesterone

  18. Pancreas • Digestive juice secreting exocrine gland • A hormone secreting endocrine gland located posterior to the stomach and behind the parietal peritoneum • Glucagon • Insulin

  19. Pineal Gland • Located deep between the cerebral hemispheres • Attaches to the upper portion of the thalamus • Melatonin

  20. Parathyroid • Usually 4 parathyroid glands • Located on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland • Parathyroid hormone(PTH)

  21. Thymus • Lies in the mediastinum posterior to the sternum and between the lungs • Large in young kids but shrinks after puberty and with age • Thymosins

  22. Negative Feedback Systems • A way of controlling hormone secretion • An endocrine gland or system controlling it senses the concentration of the hormone the gland secretes, a process the hormone controls, or an action the hormone has on the internal environment

  23. Negative Feedback Mechanism Example

  24. Diseases • Diabetes: person has high blood glucose • Insulin production in inadequate or the body’s cells do not respond properly to insulin, or both • Adrenocortical Carcinoma: rare disease in which malignant(cancer) cells form in the outer layer of the adrenal gland

  25. Diseases Continued • Growth Disorders • body produces too much growth hormone, gigantism or acromegaly can occur • Too little growth hormone results a condition called growth hormone deficiency • Can cause children to grow more slowly than normal

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