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Exploring Biological Anthropology: The Essentials, 3 rd Edition

Exploring Biological Anthropology: The Essentials, 3 rd Edition. CRAIG STANFORD JOHN S. ALLEN SUSAN C. ANTÓN. Chapter 3 Genetics: Cells and Molecules. Genetics. The Study of Genetics Cellular and molecular genetics Classical and Mendelian genetics Population genetics Phylogenetics

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Exploring Biological Anthropology: The Essentials, 3 rd Edition

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  1. Exploring Biological Anthropology: The Essentials, 3rd Edition CRAIG STANFORD JOHN S. ALLEN SUSAN C. ANTÓN

  2. Chapter 3Genetics: Cells and Molecules

  3. Genetics • The Study of Genetics • Cellular and molecular genetics • Classical and Mendelian genetics • Population genetics • Phylogenetics • Behavioral genetics

  4. Prokaryotes No compartments for genetic material Eukaryotes Separated genetic material The Cell • The basic building block of life • Single celled organisms • Multicellular organisms

  5. Cell Anatomy (Eukaryotic) • Nucleus • Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) • Gametes • Cytoplasm • Cell Membrane • Mitochondria • Ribosomes • Endoplasmic Reticulum

  6. DNA Structure I: The Molecular Level • DNA Structure I: The Molecular Level • Double Helix • Nucleotide • Sugar • Phosphate • Base • Purines • Adenine • Guanine • Pyrimidines • Cytosine • Thymine

  7. DNA Function I: Replication Separate Strands Enzymes Mutations Proofreading and Repair

  8. Protein Synthesis Amino acids Dipeptides Polypeptide chains DNA Function II: Protein Synthesis • Proteins • Compose bone and muscle • Hormones • Enzymes • Cellular function

  9. Transcription and Translation mRNA tRNA Introns Exons DNA Function II: Protein Synthesis (cont’d) • Genetic Code • Nucleotides • Codons • Genes • Redundancy

  10. Mitosis Somatic cell division Meiosis Sex cell division DNA Structure II: Chromosomes and Cell Division • Chromatin State • Chromosomes form • Centromere • Diploid somatic cells • Haploid sex cells

  11. Meiosis Tetrad formation Crossing over Recombination Reduction division Second Meiotic Division DNA Structure II: Chromosomes and Cell Division (cont’d) • Mitosis • Interphase • Prophase • Metaphase • Anaphase • Telophase

  12. Chromosomal Abnormalities • Nondisjunctive Errors: The failure of homologous chromosomes to separate properly during cell division • Monosomy • Turner Syndrome • Trisomy • Down’s Syndrome

  13. Molecular Tools for Bioanthropological Research • Indirect Methods • Immunological Methods • DNA Hybridization • Direct Methods • DNA Sequencing • Protein Sequencing

  14. Molecular Tools for Bioanthropological Research (cont’d) • PCR • Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) • Ancient DNA

  15. Molecular Tools for Bioanthropological Research (cont’d) • Polymerase Chain Reaction • The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a method for the amplification of minute quantities of DNA • PCR makes possible the recovery of ancient DNA from bone or fossil material, up to about 100,000 years old, provided that preservation conditions were adequate

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