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Where is Vietnam?

Where is Vietnam?.  Starter activity.  starter activity. This photograph taken during the height of the Vietnam War shows a ten-year-old girl who has torn off her burning clothes following a US napalm attack on her village. This became one of the most enduring images of the war. Why?.

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Where is Vietnam?

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  1. Where is Vietnam? Starter activity

  2. starter activity This photograph taken during the height of the Vietnam War shows a ten-year-old girl who has torn off her burning clothes following a US napalm attack on her village. This became one of the most enduring images of the war. Why?

  3.  Your task “No event in American history is more misunderstood than the Vietnam War.It was misreported then, and it is misremembered now.” Richard M. Nixon, 1985 Why do you Vietnam is misreported and misremembered?

  4. What were the origins of conflict in Vietnam?

  5.  Your task • Read p.4-5 in ‘Vietnam’ by Philip Sauvain & p.71-2 in ‘Modern World History’ and try to find out the following: • What is the connection between France and Vietnam (Indo-China)? • Who were the Vietminh? • Who was Ho Chi Minh? • Why did America support French rule?

  6. What is the connection between France and Vietnam (Indo-China)? • 1870s & 1880s, French conquer Indo-China • Divided into 3 territories: Tongking, Cochin China & Annam • Puppet Emperor, Bao Dai • July 1941, French submitted to Japan What problems do you think the French had in governing Indo-China?

  7. Who were the Vietminh? • 1941, Ho Chi Minh founded ‘League for the Independence of Vietnam’ aka Vietminh • Broad political membership (men & women) • Used guerrilla tactics to ambush enemy • Led by General Vo Nguyen Giap (former history teacher) Female guerrilla fighters for Vietminh. Why were they so effective?

  8. Who was Ho Chi Minh? • Name means, ‘Ho the Enlightener’ • Chef in London, political activist in France & US • Trained at Stalin School for the Toilers of the East • Lead independence movement against French & Japanese Ho Chi Minh, 1890-1969. Why was he so widely admired, even in the West?

  9. Why did America support French rule? • 2 September 1942, Ho Chi Minh announced victory over Japan & French & foundation of Democratic Republic of Vietnam • ‘domino theory’ led US to support French colonialism Do you think there was a greater threat from Communism in Asia compared with Eastern Europe?

  10. Why did the French fight the Vietminh between 1946 and 1954?

  11.  Your task • Read Sauvain, p.6-7 and find out the following: • What was the Haiphong incident? • What sorts of tactics did Giap use against the French? • How did Vietnamese feel about French rule? • How did US involvement increase?

  12. What was the Haiphong incident? • 29 November 1946, Vietminh attack French troops in Haiphong Harbour causing 29 deaths • French warship Suffren shelled Haiphong killing 6,000 Vietnamese • Retaliation by Vietminh on colonialists 3 weeks later Haiphong, after Haiphong, before

  13. What sorts of tactics did Giap use against the French? • Guerilla tactics – ambush, attacks on isolated French outposts • Avoided face to face combat • Vietminh controlled jungles, French controlled cities • Giap could use manual labour to move guns and ammunitions • 1949, Mao Zedong supplied Vietminh with modern weapons ambush mines., booby traps

  14. How did Vietnamese feel about French rule? • Emperor Bao Dai reinstated • Many Vietnamese preferred French rule (esp. Catholics) • General De Lattre inflicted series of damaging defeats on Vietminh Emperor Bao Dai General De Lattre

  15. How did US involvement increase? • US detested imperialism, but viewed conflict in context of domino theory of Cold War politics • John Foster Dulles, US Sec. of State, ‘If you don’t quit, we won’t quit’ • Eisenhower refused French request for US aircraft & servicemen John Foster Dulles Eisenhower

  16. What happened at Dien Bien Phu (1954)?

  17.  Your task • Read Sauvain, p.8-9, and answer the following questions: • What was the battle plan? • Why were the Vietminh successful in defeating the French? • What was the impact of France’s defeat?

  18. What was the battle plan? • 1954, General Navarre wanted to tempt Vietminh out of hiding into open combat • Dien Bien Phu controlled key routes between Vietnam , Cambodia & Laos

  19. Why were the Vietminh successful in defeating the French? • Vietminh used peasant army to manoeuvre artillery into hills • Vietminh infantry overran French defences on plateau below

  20. What was the impact of France’s defeat? • Ended French plans to hold onto Indo-China • Agreed to Vietminh demands (Geneva Agreement, 1954) • Navarre blamed US for lack of military support • US minister for Far East affairs predicted increased US involvement

  21. How significant were the terms of the Geneva Agreement (1954)?

  22.  Your task • Use Sauvain p10-11to research the following areas: • What were the terms? • How did the US react? • What were the effects?

  23. What were the terms? • Independence to Laos, Cambodia & Vietnam • Vietnam temporarily split along 17th parallel, with demilitarized zone • Armistice • Democratic elections

  24. How did the US react? • US very critical of French • French PM, Pierre Mendes-France, described as a ‘peace-at-any-price-man’ by US • US & South Vietnamese (French supporters during conflict against Vietminh) refused to sign, but agreed to support armistice & elections Do you think the French really had an alternative?

  25. What were the effects of the Geneva Agreement? • North Vietnam controlled by Ho Chi Minh & Vietminh • South Vietnam controlled by Bao Dai (President), & Ngo Dinh Diem (PM) • 1957, Ngo Dinh Diem became President of S.Vietnam, but refused elections since N. Vietnam would not hold them

  26. Containing the spread of Communism How and why did the US become involved in Vietnam, 1954-64

  27. Read p. 12 – 15 and take notes on the following areas: • US attitudes to Communism • Who was Ngo Dinh Diem and why were his methods of governing so unpopular? • How did US increase its support in this period? • What was the Domino theory? • Who were the Vietcong?

  28. US attitudes to Communism • Communist witchhunts (Senator McCarthy) • 30,000 US troops killed in Korea in fight against Communism (parallels with Vietnam) • SEATO (South-East Asia Treaty Organisation) – pledged to protect SE Asian countries against spread of Communism SEATO leaders in Philippines, 1966

  29. Ngo Dinh Diem • Ousted Emperor Bao Dai & appointed himself Presdient • Refused to hold elections • Crushed suspected Communists mercilessly • Appointed relatives to positions of power • Limited rights of Buddhists Ngo Dinh Diem, President of Republic of South Vietnam

  30. Ngo Dinh Diem • Failure of strategic hamlets programme • Policies favouring Roman Catholics rather than Buddhists • 1963, Diem & his brother assassinated by ARVN Ngo Dinh Diem Buddhist monk in flames in protest at Diem’s oppressive policies towards religion

  31. US support • Nov. 1954, Eisenhower sent 17 officers to Saigon (capital of S.Vietnam) to train ARVN (Army of Republic of Saigon) • By Jan. 1961, 685 • By 1963, 16,000 ‘advisers’ ARVN troops

  32. Domino theory • Theory that when one country turns Communist its neighbours follow suit • US feared Thailand & Malaya risked turning Communist • 1949, Chinese Revolution had NOT caused neighbouring countries to turn Communist immediately

  33. Vietcong • Communists in south forned Vietcong • By 1961, 20,000 soldiers • By 1964, 100,000 • ARVN unable to provide adequate security for S. Vietnam Member of National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam, NLF, aka Vietcong (Vietnamese Communists)

  34. How did the war escalate between 1964-67? Gulf of Tonkin incident USS Maddox

  35. Read p.16-17 and answer the following questions • How did President Johnson’s views on the war change? • Why was the attack on Pleiku significant? • What was Operation Rolling Thunder? • Who were the NVA?

  36. President Johnson • Knew little about conflict (took over presidency after assassination of Kennedy, 1963) • Vietnam was “the biggest damn mess I ever saw!” • Aug. 1964, Gulf of Tonking resolution enable US “to take all necessary measures” to defend US interests in Vietnam US President, Lyndon B. Johnson

  37. Pleiku Aftermath of the attack, Feb. 1965 • Vietcong attack US airbase • 10 aircraft destroyed, 8 US ‘advisers’ killed, 100 casualties • US public opinion supported direct retaliation

  38. Rolling thunder • Joint attack by US & ARVN on key military & industrial targets in North Vietnam • Hanoi & Haiphong initially excluded for fear of aggravating USSR • 3,500 US marines sent to Danang (no longer described as ‘advisers’) Phantom fighter, one of the types of strike planes used by the US

  39. NVA • Regular North Vietnam Army • Fought in larger units than Vietgong guerrillas • Less successful, suffered significant defeats at hands of US AVRN NVA tank unit attacking US embassy in Saigon

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