Policy Cycle Model “ Applied problem-solving” Government Roles on Livestock Industry

1. Policy Cycle Model“Applied problem-solving”Government Roles on Livestock Industry

2. Short Summary • Objectives: • Desktop Review • Fieldwork in selected aimags • Selection of policy options • Policy recommendations on roles of government in livestock industry

3. STUDY SITES, SCOPE AND METHODOLOGY • Field surveys in two sums of selected aimags • Western region – (Baruunturuun & Tarialan sums, Uvs aimag) • Gobi region – (Undurshil & Ulziit sums, Dundgobi aimag) • Khangai region – (Ikhtamir & Ulziit sum, Arkhangai aimag) • Central region – Zaamar & Bornuur sums, Tuv aimag) • Analyses of policy platforms, concepts and development strategies in livestock sector (covering the last 3-5 years) • PRA techniques (interviews, questionnaire & matrix ranking, etc)

4. Field Survey Sites

5. Around 20 groups and key respondents in each sum • 76 herders and their family members • 22.3% women • About 60 staff of local government organizations, sum banks, service delivers

6. PROBLEM RECOGNITION • UNBALANCED ROLES BY STAKEHOLDERS • Too much by central government • No action at middle segments /aimag, sum, bags/ • Too little by primary producers /herders and livestock keepers/ • No apparent and sustainable commitment of private sector and NGOs • No processors involved for common interests/progresses • TOO AMBITIOUS AND LESS INTEGRATED PLANS • Intensified development of extensive livestock sector • Ambitious hope “herders minimizing herd size” • Expectation “herders investing in livestock” • No measures on natural resource management • No economically viable and feasible

7. “continued” • Misinterpretation of some key development concepts and policy alternatives: • Sustainability • Tragedy of commons • Enforcement of rules for common property • Definition of intensification • Development policy towards to pastoral industry • Misinterpretation of investment procedures • False sense of safety • Convenient excuse of inaction • Lack of downwards accountability • Wrong policy for poverty reduction • Lack of structures to deliver technical advice and technology transfer service

8. HOW THE PROBLEM AFFECT THE SOCIETY The herding society remains: • Expanded and widening poverty • Increased risk vulnerability • Unreduced dependent mentality and short- sighted • Widened herd upgrading strategy • Stagnant herd productivity • Environment-unfriendly farming • Less capable to accept and absorb technologies • Non-commercial and no cooperative • Non-educated in primary market matters

9. PROPOSAL FOR SOLUTION • Balanced/differentiated, but integrated roles of government hierarchy • Lead role by primary communities and local Gov. • Extended roles of private sector and NGOs • Weighted and integrated participation of donors • Effective and resource co-management • Commercialization and improved market power • Extended commercial operation based on cooperation and collaboration between herders and beyond • Weighted and adjusted donor interventions

10. Statement of Intent …The policy recommendation I am aiming to write, intends to advance in argument that in advancing livestock industry, Mongolian government must recognize the importance of stage-based or modest approaches to the promoting of livestock industry development with a strong differentiation and integration of roles to be played by different stakeholders with special emphasis on private sector…

11. Decision-making Action modest • Maintaining herd productivity at an advanced level to reach a required sustainability • Stabilizing the balance and integration of roles of government and other stakeholders • Promoted and sustained involvement of processors and other private entrepreneurs • Committed investment by primary producers • Improved group cooperation and commercial operations

12. Decision-making Inaction • uncontrolled and unfriendly resource use/management • encouraging increase in the numbers of low productive herds • inactive and indifference attitudes to development and progress • more barriers to penetration of technology and improvement • still high poverty • vulnerable to risks …

13. Decision-making Radical • Sharp and contradicting proposals to change the current distribution of roles • Significantly increase responsibilities and roles of herders and herders’ informal/formal institutions • Refrain current intensification lacking support from grass roots • Soften the current policies on business-type of herders’ cooperation • Promote steady transfer of sparse societies to cooperating in resource management and small non-livestock activities …

14. Current and future role-sharing Current Future • State Ikh Khural 2 2 • Central Government 10 10 • Aimag Governor 4 5 • Aimag Agricultural Authority 3 2 • Sum Citizen’s Representative Khural 1 4 • Sum Governor 6 11 • Bag 4 9 • Herders’ group as informal institution 0 10 • Herder households 11 10 • International donors 8 7 • NGOs 4 6 • Private businesses 2 6 • Processors 2 7

15. Role-sharing between government and other stakeholders Lead Coop. Benef. • State Ikh Khural 2 9 • Central Government 8 4 • Aimag Governor 2 6 • Aimag Agricultural Authority 2 3 • Sum Citizen’s Representative Khural 0 3 • Sum Governor 2 10 • Bag 2 8 • Herders’ group as informal institution 0 1 1 • Herder households 10 1 1 • International donors 10 7 • NGOs 0 9 • Private businesses 1 9 • Processors 2 8 • Poor 1 10

16. Specific Items • Motivate local government and stakeholders to engage in: • Diversification of livestock-related activities • Non-livestock activities as income generating option • Multi-input and labour/resource/environment saving • Value added processing • Encourage herders and private sector to cooperate • For final outputs • Incremental progresses • Motivate towards improved decision-making at ground level • Information flow • Better understand of basic and specific development concepts and alternatives