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Regulating blood sugar

Regulating blood sugar. The Pancreas. Medline Plus. © 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS. Anatomy. The pancreas is an exocrine gland secreting alkaline digestive juices into the duodenum via the pancreatic duct The pancreas is also an endocrine gland

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Regulating blood sugar

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  1. Regulating blood sugar

  2. The Pancreas Medline Plus © 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS

  3. Anatomy The pancreas is an exocrine gland • secreting alkaline digestive juices • into the duodenum via the pancreatic duct The pancreas is also an endocrine gland • the endocrine cells are in the Islets of Langerhans © 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS

  4. Islets of Langerhans • An oval collection of cells scattered through the pancreas • 1 to 2 million islets in a human pancreas • 1 to 2% of its mass • Islets are darker red than the surrounding tissue having a rich blood supply • The blood from the islets drains into the Hepatic Portal Vein going directly to the liver © 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS

  5. Hormone secreting cells •  cells. (20%) secrete glucagon •  cells (75%) secrete insulin •  cells (1 to 8%) © 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS

  6. Insulin and Glucagon © 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS

  7. Hormone action © 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS

  8. Hormone action © 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS

  9. Control © 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS

  10. INSULIN GLUCAGON Summary Normal blood glucose concentration © 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS

  11. INSULIN DEFICIENCY: Diabetes mellitus • Symptoms • Hyperglycaemia (high blood glucose) • Glucosuria (glucose in the urine) • Polyuria (passage of copious urine) • Polydipsia (drinking large amounts) • Increased appetite • Weight loss • Acids and ketones in the blood from lipid breakdown (toxic) • Coma if ketones build, up © 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS

  12. Diabetes Diabetes is sometimes described as: “STARVATION IN THE MIDST OF PLENTY” There is plenty of glucose circulating in the blood but it cannot get into the cells that need it Treatment • Intravenous or oral doses of insulin at regular intervals • Strict diet and meal times © 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS

  13. Types of diabetes © 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS

  14. Types of diabetes © 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS

  15. Gestational diabetes • Similar to Type 2 • Develops during pregnancy • Placental hormones interact with insulin secretion • Women who develop it seem to have a genetic predisposition © 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS

  16. Increasing numbers of diabetics • Life style (exercise, snacking) • Change of diet (refined sugar, saturated fats) • Migration and change of diet • Ethnic differences (US: Caucasians 6%, Afro/Asiatic Americans 10%, Native Americans 20-50%) © 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS

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