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Evolution of Computing: From Babbage to Modern Operating Systems

This overview traces the progression of computing technology from the 19th century to the present day. Beginning with Charles Babbage’s Analytical Engine and Ada Lovelace, the first programmer, we explore subsequent generations marked by significant innovations. Generation 1 introduced tubes and early computers at Harvard and Princeton, while Generation 2 saw the rise of transistors and batch systems. Generation 3 introduced integrated circuits and multiprogramming, leading to the development of UNIX. Generational evolution continues into modern computing with VLSI and popular operating systems like Windows and Linux.

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Evolution of Computing: From Babbage to Modern Operating Systems

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  1. History • Generation 0 • Charles Babbage (1792-1871) • Analytical Engine • purely mechanical • Ada Lovelace – first programmer

  2. Generation 1 • tubes • WW II • ’45-’55 • Aiken – Harvard • von Neumann – Princeton • Zuse – Germany • Eckert & Mauchley – U Penn

  3. Generation 2 • transistor • ’55-’65 • mainframes, punched cards, operators • batch systems • cards  1401  tape  7094  tape  1401  printer

  4. Generation 3 • ICs • ’65 – ’80 • System/360 “family” of systems • Multiprogramming – multiple programs in memory at the same time sharing the CPU • SPOOL – simultaneous peripheral operation online • Timesharing – variant of multiprogramming for terminal and batch jobs

  5. Gen 3 cont’d • MULTICS • Computer utility idea (kind of like internet servers) • More ambitious than hardware could support • MULTICS + PDP7 + Ken Thompson = Unix • Unix variants: • System V • BSD • IEEE POSIX • Now Linux from Linus Torvalds

  6. Gen 4 – 1980 to present • VLSI • 8080 CP/M also Z80 • Apple I and II • 8088 + MS-DOS (from Seattle Comp. Prod.) • Apple Lisa (Xerox Star) • Apple Mac • Windows 3.1, 95, 98, NT (designed by David Cutler from DEC VAX/VMS), 2000, XP • XWindows on Unix and Linux

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