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Approaching War- 1920’s-30’s

Approaching War- 1920’s-30’s. Europe is not doing well European powers almost bankrupt - only U.S. and Japan came out of WWI better off European domination of world affairs declines New European democracies shaky- new Democracies collapse

quentin-hahn
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Approaching War- 1920’s-30’s

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  1. Approaching War- 1920’s-30’s • Europe is not doing well • European powers almost bankrupt - only U.S. and Japan came out of WWI better off • European domination of world affairs declines • New European democracies shaky- new Democracies collapse • Many political parties, difficult for one group rule effectively, Coalition govts. form, fall apart quickly, no strong leadership • Struggle with war debt, rebuilding, social problems • Treaty of Versailles creates resentment • Germany blamed, lost land, paying reparations it cant afford • Russia lost land in E. Europe • Does nothing to help rebuild

  2. Dictators take over • Totalitarian govt- total control of a people’s public and private lives, use Indoctrination, censorship, Propaganda (brainwashing, parades, rallies, child activities, songs, radio/ TV, newspapers) • Russian Revolution- 1917- Lenin helps to establish Communism, 1920’s Joseph Stalin takes over- no more private business, ownership- Russia becomes Industrialized- people lose all privacy, rights, control • 1920’s Italy- Mussolini- Fascism- strong central govt, military dictator- Nationalism, wants to make Italy powerful • 1930’s Nazi’s rise to power, Hitler- promise to fix Germany’s problems from the Depression, make Germany powerful, expand (lebensraum)- Book Mein Kampf, eliminate inferior races • 1920’s- Military dictator take control of Japan

  3. Expansion/ Aggression- • Japan expands into China (Manchuria) League of nations does nothing, we send weapons, supplies, Roosevelt speaks out against Isolationism • Germany rearms, occupies Rhineland, takes Austria, Sudetenland • Italy takes Ethiopia • Spanish Civil War- Franco, fascist dictator takes power, US sends volunteers and relief aid, not enough, Germany, Italy send troops • Isolationism • The US believed they were dragged into war by business men making $, want to avoid Europe’s problems, public opinion against war, marches and rallies. US ignore the dictators. • Neutrality Acts- no arms sells/ loans to warring nations • Great Britain, France, League of Nations- appeasement- make them happy, look other way to avoid another conflict. Avoid war at all costs.

  4. Start of the Wars- Neutrality ends War in Europe • 1938 Germany takes Austria- unifies Germans, no resistance, needs Lebensraum • Munich Conference/ Pact- Chamberlain (British prime minister) gives Germany Sudetenland, German Speaking N. Czechoslovakia, appeasement (to avoid war) • March 1939 • takes all of Czech. • Non- Aggression pact- Soviet/ Germany agree not to fight, share Poland

  5. Sept, 1939 • Germany invades Poland- Blitzkrieg (lightening war), Britain/ France declare war, nothing happens 6 months (phony war) • Stalin takes land lost in WWI • May 1940 • Hitler invades Denmark, Norway, Netherlands, Belguim • June- Hitler takes France, Maginot (fortifications) line useless, evacuate at Dunkirk by British, Italy invades from South, S. France Vichy govt.(puppet) • Battle of Britain- before invasion, Germany attacks by air, Luftwaffe (German airforce) vs. RAF (Royal Airforce) fight, bombed London/ major cities nightly, almost 1year, people living in subways, basements, air raid shelters • Britain never gives up, Germany never invades,

  6. US and War • Moving away from Neutrality (revise Neutrality acts) • Cash and carry-1939- pay cash, take on own ships • Ships/ supplies to Britain • Military spending and training (draft) • Roosevelt is reelected a 3rd time • Lend Lease act-1941- supplies to countries vital to US ($50 billion) • Submarine warfare (German wolf packs), US navy protects British ships • Army keeps growing • Atlantic charter-FDR, Churchill meet and agree- no gaining land, support self determination, free trade, international cooperation, disarmament, peace- Declaration of United Nations- • 1941- sept- unrestricted sub warfare, arm merchant ships

  7. War in Europe 1940-1941 • Africa- Italy moves East from Libya attack British Egypt, early victory, Britain turns it around pushes back Italians, General Rommel/ Germans come to help push back British, move back and forth across N. Africa • E. Europe- early 41- Hitler plans to attack, Romania, Bulgaria, Hungry join Axis, Yugoslavia and Greece fall, Hitler prepares for invasion of Soviet Union • Invasion of Soviet Union- June 41- Russia attacked pushed back, poorly trained, equipped, scorched earth policy (500 miles). Surrounds Leningrad in N. people starve before surrender, winter closes in on Hitler in Moscow, refuses to retreat many die (500,000)

  8. Pacific Theater • 1941- Japan takes islands in SE Asia, US cuts trade with Japan • Japan wants total control of SE Asia, wants to get rid of US pacific fleet, wants Philippines, Guam • Emperor- Hirohito, General- Hideki Tojo • Peace talks in Washington while plan for attack • Dec 7, 1941- Pearl Harbor- Attack US pacific Naval Fleet- 18 ships sank, 350 planes, 2400 people died, 1700 wounded • Dec 7, 1941 US declares War on Japan, Germany, Italy (Axis powers)

  9. On the Home front- pg 570Interactive notes • Selective service- • Women/ Children- • Minorities- • Industry- • Labor- • Scientist- • Entertainment- • Internment- • Economy/ govt-

  10. Turning the Tide of the War • Meeting w/ Churchill- Germany top priority, accept only unconditional surrender • Atlantic • 681 allies ships sunk in ’42 by U boats, Convoy system, protected by destroyers/ sonar, planes/ radar, sink U boats, Us begins to win • by ‘43 140 ships built each month • Eastern Front • Germans bog down in winter, fresh invasion to South summer of 42, Stalingrad, hand to hand fighting, city destroyed, Soviets refuse to retreat • Germans trapped by the winter again, supplies cut off, 200,000+ Germans killed, forced to surrender in Feb. 1+ million soviets killed, Soviets win at Stalingrad begin to push back German armies

  11. North Africa- • Nov 42’- US troops land in west N. Africa (Eisenhower) push back German troops, trap and defeat between British on east and US on west – May 43 • Italy- • Summer 43- invade Italy move N. July- Mussolini overthrown, Italy switches sides • Germany invades N. Italy US slowly fight N. through the rest of the war (Anzio, 4 months) • D-day • June 6-1944 Invasion of France- Normandy- 60 miles of beach • Previous bomb supply routes, gather supplies, boats, troops • 3 divisions, paratroopers dropped behind lines, British, US, Canada- 5 attack points-156,000 troops, 4,000 landing craft, 600 warships, 11,000 planes- severe fighting (Omaha beach) take the beaches • June – Sept, push through France (Patton) • Oct in Germany

  12. Battle of the Bulge • Oct, 1944- last attempt at German border, Germans break through allied lines, Americans stop them at Bastogne, push them back (1 month), Germans lost men/ tanks, continue to retreat through Germany • Russia pushing through Poland and into E. Germany discovers concentration camps. • April 1945- Soviets, Americans march on Berlin, Hitler marries then commits suicide, blames Jews and his generals; Germany surrenders (May 8).

  13. War In the Pacific • Dec 41-42- Japan takes Hong Kong, IndoChina, Malaya, Burma, Thailand, Guam, Indonesia, Wake, Solomon Islands, New Guinea (150 million people) • Attacks Philippines, 80,000 troops hold out 6 months, Bataan Peninsula/ corregidor- troops surrender- May 42, Bataan Death March - forced march, hundreds of miles, 25% die, many more in prison camps • Doolittle- bombs Tokyo prove Japans can be hit, more morale than damage • May, 42’ Battle at Coral Sea-N of Australia, new naval warfare use of planes from carriers, Tie- Japan is finally stopped (US recovers faster) • June 42’ Midway- Admiral Nimitz- Japanese fleet caught by surprise, planes gone to attack island while US planes swarm in, lost 3 aircraft carriers, 322 planes- Turning point in the war-

  14. Island Hoping- Skip Japanese strong holds, attack weaker islands cut off supplies • Submarines- sink ships and cut of supply lines, 13 in 1942, 200+ in 1944 • August 42’ - Guadalcanal, 6 months intense jungle fighting • Oct 44’ Leyte Gulf- reinvasion of Phillipines- 178,000 troops- Kamikaze- suicide pilots- lost majority of fleet, 4 carriers, 3 battleships, 400 planes, • Iwo Jima- 20,000+ Japanese in hundreds of miles of underground caves, stepping stone to Japan, 6,000 US troops die, all but 200 of Japanese • Okinawa- last step to Japan, 110,000 dead Japanese, 1,900 Kamaikaze attacks sink 30 ships kill 5,000 men, 7,600 more die on island • Next- Invade Japan??? • April 12th- FDR has a stroke and dies. (before Okinawa and surrender of Germany). Nation mourns.

  15. The Manhattan project- • Truman learns of existence only after he is president- started in 42’- controlled nuclear reaction, use uranium, plutonium - Robert Oppenheimer, (Los Alamos, NM) test in July - Use it??? Questioned by many- saving American lives - warn the Japanese to surrender or fact total destruction • Japan refused to surrender, US forced to invade or give up, Death toll estimates in the thousands • Hiroshima & Nagasaki- August 6th (Enola Gay) bomb- little boy- city is destroyed 75,000 die at once, • Fat man- dropped 3 days later, killed 37,000- end death count 200,000+ (many from radiation) 60,000 buildings leveled • Sept 2- Official surrender on ship- Missouri in Tokyo Bay

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