Mutations!

1. Mutations!

2. Hmmm …….. What might be reasons for the unusual characteristics in the next photos?

3. http://news.sky.com/skynews/Home/Sky-News-Archive/Article/200806412815981http://news.sky.com/skynews/Home/Sky-News-Archive/Article/200806412815981 http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/10792937/ http://www.tropicaldesigns.com/images/watson2.jpg

4. What are Mutations? Brain Storm any words, definitions, or examples for Mutation.

5. DNA In the living cell, undergoes frequent chemical change, especially when it is being replicated. Most of these changes are quickly ____________. Those that are not result in a ___________. Thus, mutation is a failure of _______ repair. A ______________ is permanent change in the DNA ___________ of a _______. Mutations in a gene’s DNA sequence can alter the ____________ ____________sequence of the ________________ encoded by the gene. Like words in a sentence, the DNA sequence of each gene _______________ the amino acid sequence for the ____________ it encodes. The DNA sequence is interpreted in groups of three ______________ bases, called __________. repaired mutation DNA mutation sequence gene aminoacid protein determines protein nucleotide codons

6. How do genetic traits effect an organism’s survival? • A mutation is ___________ to an organism’s survival if it reduces the organisms chance for _______________ and ________________. • Whether a mutation is harmful to an organism depends partly on the organism’s________________. harmful survival reproduction reproduction http://cellar.org/iotd.php?threadid=7787

7. (SE)Would the color of this cub be considered harmful in the wild? How about in a zoo or wildlife sanctuary? Why ? (M) What is a synonym for “Mutation”? (U) What are similarities between harmful mutations and parasitism, a symbiotic relationship which you learned about earlier this year ? (I) How would you parent this cub to ensure its safety if you were this Mama bear ? http://cellar.org/iotd.php?threadid=7787

8. Types of Mutations: Harmful- reduces the organism’s chances for survival and reproduction Helpful- increases the organism’s chance for survival and reproduction Neither- (neutral) no effect either way http://www.virginmedia.com/digital/features/hybrid-animals.php

9. Mutations can occur in two different types of cells: • 1. Somatic (body) cells • 2. Gamete (sex) cells • Somatic Cells • Mutations that occur in somatic (body) cells usually result in killing that body cell only. These usually do not affect the individual and can NOT be passed on to offspring. An exception is if the mutation occurs to the DNA that controls regulations of the cell cycle. This can result in cancer. • Gamete Cells • Mutations that occur in gamete (sex) cells means that every cell of the fetus will have that mutation. • Gamete mutations usually affect the individual with some genetic disorder. • They can be passed on to offspring • There are 2 types of Mutations that occur in gamete cells. • 2 types of Gene Mutations • A. a single point in the DNA sequence is affected. • Substitution: one base is changed into another base PointMutations:

10. Point Mutations usually affect no more than a single amino acid. The protein may be slightly affected or not at all. • THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT • THE FAT CAT ATE THE HAT • Mutation: a single gene or nitrogen base is deleted or added from the mRNA sequence causing a shift in the “reading frame” of the genetic message. • It can be an insertion in which one base is inserted in the DNA sequence. • It can be a deletion in which one base is deleted in the DNA sequence. • These are usually more dramatic than Point Mutations. Frameshift Mutations may alter protein so much that it is unable to perform its normal functions. • THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT • TEF ATC ATA TET HER AT Frameshift

11. Pretend you are a DNA mechanic. How might you “fix” this kitten? (SE) How do you think that this type of mutation occurs? (M) http://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/photogallery/2008/11/21/1226770686660.html

12. 5 types of Chromosomal Mutations: • involves the loss of all or part of a chromosome • involves the production of extra copies of parts of the chromosome. • reverses the direction of parts of a chromosome • : when one part of a chromosome breaks off and attaches to another chromosome • means “not coming apart” when homologous chromosomes fail to separate properly during meiosis. (results in abnormal numbers of chromosomes) • Monosomy- a person is of a chromosome • Trisomy- a person has of a chromosome Deletion: Duplication: Inversion: Translocation: Non-disjunction: missing a copy an extra copy

13. Neutral? Helpful? Harmful? How might you respond to a neighbor’s suggestion to put your “mutated” puppy to sleep (euthanize) or at the very least have surgery to remove its extra limb? What positives could you give to counter their negative statements? (I) http://erikpemberton.org/page/2/ This calf is from Chernobyl. What are some issues that this calf might encounter considering its mutations? (U) http://www.mahalo.com/5-legged-puppy

14. (M) Describe the phenotypes of the mutated vegetables. (I) Imagine you are a farmer. How do you feel about your crop of mutated vegetables? (SE) If you were selecting vegetables from the grocery store, would you buy these? (U) What happened to these vegetables & fruit? http://onemansblog.com/category/food/page/2/

15. Ticket out the door 3-What were the 3 types of mutations? (M) 2- What are 2 ways that organisms can mutate? (M) 1- Name 1 positive effect of mutations. (I)

16. Bibliography http://www.nature.ca/genome/04/0413_e.cfm#010 <http://www.allupinyour.biz/wp-content/uploads/2008/07/mutation.jpg> • http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/archive/mutations/mutatedna.html% 20notes.htm