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The Bonds of Empire - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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The Bonds of Empire. US History East High School Mr. Peterson Fall 2010. Focus Questions. How did the Glorious Revolution shape relations between England and its North American colonies?
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Presentation Transcript
Focus Questions
- How did the Glorious Revolution shape relations between England and its North American colonies?
- What factors contributed most significantly to the growth and prosperity of the British mainland colonies?
- What factors explain the relative strengths of the British, French, and Spanish empires in North America?
- What were the most significant results of the Enlightenment and Great Awakening in the British colonies?
Royal Centralization, 1660-1688
- Kings centralized power
- Little use for representative government
- Direct political control over colonies
- Dominion of New England
- Consolidated NE colonies into one unit
- Tensions arise between colonies and Britain
- Massachusetts hates Dominion
The Glorious Revolution, 1688-1689
- Protestants Mary (James’ daughter) and husband William of Orange invade Britain
- Catholic James overthrown, flees to France
- English Bill of Rights-1689
- “limited monarchy”
- Dominion abolished
- King William III tries to control New England
- Tolerance of other Protestants required
- Demise of the New England Way
A Generation of War, 1689-1713
- King William’s War
- Extension of European War to North America
- Invasion of New France
- Queen Anne’s War
- England and France (War of the Spanish Succession)
- Spanish invade Carolina
- Acadia captured by British, renamed Nova Scotia
Mercantilist Empires in America
- Mercantilism
- Nation’s power measured in wealth, esp. gold
- Maximize exports (exchange for gold)
- Not rely on other nations
- Colonies would provide raw materials
- Home country manufactures goods, colonist markets
- War , if necessary, to gain raw materials, expand markets, block rivals
- Navigation Acts
- Certain commodities must go through England
- Molasses Act-taxed foreign molasses
- Protective tariffs on foreign goods
- Encouraged colonies to diversify economies
Population Growth and Diversity
- England held demographic edge
- 250,000 in English colonies by 1700
- 15,000 French and 4,500 Spanish
- 1,170,000 in English colonies by 1750
- 60,000 French and 19,000 Spanish
- English had better farmland, weather, healthier economies
- English accepted most Protestant groups, even non-English
- Scots-Irish and Germans
- Anti-Catholic sentiment remained high
- Small Jewish communities developed
Rural White Men and Women
- Farmers typically had just enough land for themselves
- Adult children would rent other land
- Farms were typically mortgaged
- Not paid off until reaching late fifties
- Wives and daughters did household and close-in work on farm
- Married women, with few exceptions, did not own property
- Widows owned 8-10% of all property
Colonial Farmers and the Environment
- Rapid expansion east of Appalachians
- Trees had to be cleared
- Game drove away
- Didn’t rotate crops
- Used manure, except with tobacco
The Urban Paradox
- Cities key to prosperity
- Only 4% of population by 1740
- Few significant cities: Philadelphia, New York, Boston, Charleston
- Poverty rose in cities
- Women especially affected
- Changing labor patterns
- Move from apprentices and journeymen tradesmen to shorter term labor
- Wealth concentrated in small number of families
Slavery
- Owners spent just enough to keep slaves alive
- 40% of what was spent to maintain indentured servants
- Some food provided, forage or raise other food
- Creoles, American-born slaves
- Some slaves learned trades or worked in houses
- Task system allowed some slaves time to grow own crops and earn some money
- Gang system-work from dawn to dusk, sometimes longer
- Slaves could be rented out
- Black majority in South Carolina
- Restrictions on slaves
Stono Rebellion (1739)
- Slave uprising in SC
- Suppressed brutally
- Strict slave codes enacted
The Rise of Colonial Elites
- Small number became very wealthy
- Greater gentry
- 2% of population
- Owned 15% of all property
- Lesser Gentry
- Next 8% of population
- Owned 25% of property
- Imitated refinements of upper class in Europe
- Some would go on grand tour to Europe
Competing for a Continent, 1713-1750
- French seek to strengthen hold in Mississippi Valley
- New Orleans established in 1718
- Difficult life for all in Louisiana
- France tries to counter British in Ohio Valley
- French post of Detroit established
- English would offer better prices for goods
- French, in general, treated Indians better, but could be brutal
- French traders went into Rocky Mountains
- Bought buffalo hides and Indian slaves
- Great Plains and Great Basin Indians adopt horse and gun
Native Americans and British Expansion
- Depopulation and dislocation of natives
- Conflict came early to Carolina
- Tuscarora War (1711-1713)
- Yamasee War (1715-1716)
- Covenant Chain
- Iroquois help English conquer other Indians
- Iroquois become most powerful Indian group
British Expansion in the South: Georgia
- Gen. James Oglethorpe
- Unique experiment
- Military and philanthropic motives
- Counter Spanish presence in Florida
- Limited land holding
- Excluded Africans initially
- Excluded Catholics
- Prohibited rum
- Strictly regulated trade with natives
- Poor tradesmen and artisans
- England and Scotland
- Religious refugees
- Germany and Switzerland
- Lowest percentage of English
Spain’s Borderlands
- Spain controlled much of SE and SW by 1750
- Spread thin, sparsely populated
- Depended on support of Natives Americans
The Return of War, 1739-1748
- King George’s War (1740-1748)
- War between Britain and Spain
- War of the Austrian Succession in Europe
- New Englanders attack New France
Colonial Politics
- Colonial assemblies a major force
- Lower house elected by people
- Upper house appointed by governor
- Trial of Peter Zenger
- Encouraged broad political participation and discussion
The Enlightenment
- Well educated population
- Enlightenment combined human reason with skepticism
- Benjamin Franklin
- Embodied Enlightenment in America
- Science and public benefit
The Great Awakening
- Surge of Protestant revivalism, beginning in 1739
- Jonathan Edwards
- Congregationalist minister
- “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God”
- George Whitefield
- Revival tour
- Unprecedented split in Protestantism
- New Lights vs. Old Lights
- New colleges formed
- Added to prominence of women in religion
