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Emergy and Environmental Impact Assessment

Emergy and Environmental Impact Assessment. Oil spill, phosphate mining, transformity and toxicity, transformity and ecosystem health. Environmental Impacts on Terrestrial Ecosystems. Environmental Impacts on Marine Ecosystems. Emergy Ratios for Assessing Environmental Impact.

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Emergy and Environmental Impact Assessment

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  1. Emergy and Environmental Impact Assessment Oil spill, phosphate mining, transformity and toxicity, transformity and ecosystem health

  2. Environmental Impacts on Terrestrial Ecosystems...

  3. Environmental Impacts on Marine Ecosystems...

  4. Emergy Ratios for Assessing Environmental Impact

  5. Comparison of Development Alternatives

  6. Emergy Evaluation of Exxon Valdez Oil Spill

  7. On March 24, 1989, the Exxon Valdez grounded on Bligh Reef, and spilled nearly 11 million gallons of oil into the biologically rich waters of Prince William Sound.

  8. Map of Alaska showing the Trans-Alaska pipeline...

  9. Map showing the extent of the oil spill in Gulf of Alaska...

  10. Two estimates of damages resulting from the oil spill... Percent of the total losses

  11. Distribution of the loss estimates...

  12. Oil spill losses compared to regional emergy budgets...

  13. Net benefits from prevention alternatives…

  14. The role of information in Exxon-Valdez oil spill

  15. I. Phosphate Mining and Reclamation Description, historical perspective, phosphate facts...

  16. Summary of Phosphate Mining System

  17. Secondary area of mining (50,000 acres) Main phosphate formation… the “bone valley” (1.3 million acres)

  18. Historical Perspective • Mining began in late 1800’s • Mined Peace River bottom • Until late 1930’s small scale - wide spread • Large scale mining began in 1950’s • Currently about 5000 acres /year are mined

  19. Phosphate mining facts... Mined area to date………………….320,000 acres Mining rate…………………...5 - 6,000 acres/yr Total to be mined…….….700,000 acres Investment in facilities………...$10 billion Yearly wages…………………………….$300 million/yr Taxes paid………………………………..$800 million/yr Operating expenses (2001) Equip and supplies……….$990 million Electricity…………………….$100 million Services………………………..$178 million

  20. Phosphate Mining vs. Everglades Restoration Everglades Restoration Phosphate Reclamation Total Area 0.7 million Acres 1.5 million acres Total cost $3.6 billion $7.8 billion Yearly Op. Costs $0.0 $182 million

  21. II. Quick Photographic Overview

  22. Emergy Evaluation of Phosphate Mining and Reclamation

  23. Systems View and Emergy of Mining

  24. Emergy in Restoration...

  25. Benefits of Restoration...

  26. Benefits of Restoration...

  27. Net Benefits Ratio...

  28. Transformity and Toxicity

  29. Transformity and Toxicity Transformities of selected metals as global flows to atmosphere and storages within a river ecosystem Annual releases to atmosphere River ecosystem (seJ/J) (seJ/J) Aluminum 9.65E+06 3.30E+07 Iron 8.46E+07 6.19E+07 Chromium 2.59E+10 1.99E+10 Arsenic 8.56E+11 -- Lead 2.39E+12 3.59E+10 Cadmium 1.52E+13 8.78E+10 Mercury 6.85E+14 -- a - Not including human release b - Genoni et al. 2003

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