Systematic review article and Meta-analysis .Main steps for Successful writing – Pubrica

1. SYSTEMATICREVIEWARTICLE ANDMETA-ANALYSIS: MAINSTEPSFORSUCCESSFULWRITING AnAcademicpresentationby Dr.NancyAgnes,Head,TechnicalOperations,Pubrica Group: www.pubrica.com Email:sales@pubrica.com

2. Today'sDiscussion Outline In-Brief Introduction Metaanalysis Conclusion

3. In-Brief A review article is a piece of writing that gives a complete and systematic summary of results available in a certain field while also allowing the reader to perceive the subject from a different viewpoint. A review article's writers conduct a critical study and synthesize, assess, and classify relevant data, finally coming at new cumulative findings based on current investigations by other academics. The purpose might be (a) theory development, (b) theory assessment, (c) a review of the state of knowledge on a specific issue,(d)issueidentification,and(e)providingahistoricalaccountofthehistoryof theory and research on a certain issue. A review may be important in research and everydaylifeforavarietyofreasons,includingpolicymaking.Thisarticlewillassistyouin producinga meta-analysis-basedsystematic review article.

4. IMPORTANTSTEPSINSYSTEMATICREVIEW When planning and writinga systematic review, it's helpfultofollow thesteps below. i)Objective Theobjectiveofasystematicreviewisthesameas it is for an original research study: the publication mustprovidesomethingnewto thearea. Theprecisegoalmustbeinlinewiththestudy questions. Contd... Introduction

5. Inmostcases,theobjectivesareindicatedinthelast paragraphof theintroduction. The goals then influence the methods used to find sources,processthem,anddelivertheresults. In the studies closing section, it should be noted if andtowhatdegreetheobjectiveshavebeenmet. ii)QuestionnairesforResearch Theresearchquestioniscontainedandarticulated in the body of a review article, formulated as the problem:thetopicandemphasisofthestudy. Contd...

6. It's a spiral that creates logical links between the article's elements; that is, various portions build on andfollowupononeanotherinalogicalpattern. Inthecaseofasystematicreview,theresearch question must be matched with the study's aims and methods, which is especially important for identifying datasources(librarysearches)anddetermining studyinclusionandexclusion criteria. iii)ObtainDataSources—Literaturesurvey Electronicdatabasesoftenaccessedthrough university libraries, are the major and most valuable datasources. Contd...

7. Becauseaccesstocertainpublicationsmaybe restrictedduetocostconstraints,theuniversity's resources for journal subscriptions will determine the degreeofaccessofferedtostudentsandstaff. Databasessuchas: WebofScience Medline/PubMed EBSCO SCOPUS ProQuestCentral PsycARTICLES Contd...

8. iv)SelectionCriteria The relevant articles and whose findings are to be processedarechosenusingthecategorization criterialisted below. The first criterion may be the year of publication, whichindicatestheperiodbeingstudied. Article Citation: This information may be found in databases,usuallyunderthetermcitation. Articles with more citations cover more significant research. Contd...

9. Keywords: These represent the language used in the area and aid in identifying the most pertinent research. Articlerelevance:onlinedatabasesmayprovide many articles, but some works may be completely unrelated to the review's topic due to the potential overlapofkeytermsandothercharacteristics. As a result, it's vital to go through each publication— inmostsituations,theabstractwillsuffice—and weedoutanyresearchthatisn't relevant. Contd...

10. Publications types: while you may normally deal with just original and review studies, certain issues mayneedtheuseofdatafromannualreports, researchreports,or guidelines. As a result, it's critical to include these details in the procedure'sdescription. Socio-demographicenvironment:Thestudy's descriptionishelpfulsinceitisrelevanttothe review'soutcomes. As a result, while presenting the study findings, the reviewmust accountfor this. Contd...

11. Finally,inthediscussionpartthatfollows,allof thesecriteria/indicatorswillbereviewedand understood. v)DataCollectionprocedure It is necessary to record and document the whole literaturesearchprocedure. Peer reviewers pay close attention to how the "data" fortheanalysiswascollectedwhileanalyzing systematicreviews. Contd...

12. Forthisreason,particularapproachescanbe utilized,withthePRISMAresearchflowdiagram beingthemostwidelyutilizedinmodernscience. ThePRISMAresearchflowdiagramisshownin Figure1. vi)ResultsfromInterpretation According to the categorization criteria, the research findingsyoucollectedwillbereportedinan organizedform-ideallya table. Contd...

13. When analyzing the outcomes, it's a good idea to compare the qualitative and quantitative viewpoints ofthe investigations. When using a quantitative approach, you can track thenumberofstudiesthatusedalongitudinalversus cross-sectional design, the number of studies that usedastandardizedmethodologyversusone developed specifically for the study, and the number ofstudiesthathadwell-balancedparticipant samples in terms of representativeness versus those thatdid not. Contd...

14. On the other hand, a qualitative viewpoint allows for examiningwiderfeaturesoftheworksandfiner nuancesinthe determinedresults. Whenreviewingstudyproceduresandfindings, varioustoolsmay beusedas aguide. TheCONSORTstatementestablishesa standardized method for reporting and interpreting theoutcomesofrandomizedclinicaltrials. Contd...

15. vii)Conclusion This necessitates you bringing a fresh viewpoint to the subject matter under investigation, highlighting andsharingthefindings'mostimportantfindings. Importantly,thecommentaryshouldcompareand assess the results against other relevant research initiatives rather than the author's presentation of his orherviewpoints onthe subject. Every thought or result given in the paper must also beproperly referenced. Contd...

16. The conclusion should be a practical evaluation of the research; it should not include any discoveries or evidence. Itsgoalistodescribethestudy'sfindingsand contributionsina concisemanner. Althoughthismightbeadifficulteffortforan inexperienced author, it is critical to master the talent ofclearlypresenting yourthoughts. Contd...

17. The conclusion frequently contains suggestions for futurestudyaswellaspractiseinstructions. It's also a good idea to emphasize your review's uniquecontributions.

18. Metaanalysisis a type of systematic review in which several studies are combined to get aggregate effect estimates. The magnitude of the effect is computed and indexed to dothis. Someofthesestudyproblemsmaybebetter understoodbyaggregatingtheimpactsandconducting astatistical analysis. Contd... Metaanalysis

19. There are also parallels with preliminary intervention trials, in which the focus is on the effectiveness of the intervention. In a metaanalysis, however, the researcher examinesmany studiesto assess thesize of impacts. To develop a framework for the review, it's good to use a systematic guideline like PRISMA. Formulatingtheresearchquestionistheinitialstage. Determinethekeywordsyou'llusetosearchforarticles,aswellastheperiod range for which you want articles to be considered, as well as the criteria for inclusionand exclusion. Contd...

20. Look for papers that fit your subject and eligibility requirements in the databases you'vechosen. Once the papers included in the metaanalysis have been found, they must be codedusing thevariables specifiedfor the metaanalysis. Becausecodingdecisionsaren'talwaysobvious,tworatesarefrequentlyutilized toestablishameasureofreliability,suchaspercentagreementorakappa coefficient. Next,entertheextracteddataintoadatabasewithpertinentstudyparameters suchasintervention,follow-upperiods,samplesize,controlgrouptype,and researchdesign. Contd...

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22. To make comparisons and aggregation possible, a "common currency" of effects mustbe developed. We've created a mechanism for estimating effect sizes, and now we have to aggregate them over all of the papers we've looked at to see if there is an impact andwhat that impact is. Afixed-effectsorrandom-effectsstrategycanbeusedtoaccomplishthis. Thesetwoapproaches dealwith studysampling errors. Contd...

23. The former assumes that the error in estimating the population effect size is due to randomfactors associatedwith subject-level sampling. The latter assumes that study sampling errors are present in addition to subject- level sampling errors. Although the fixed-effects model has more statistical power, therandom-effectsmodelismorecommonduetoitsbetter generalizability. The effects of higher sample numbers are more consistent across research and hencemore precise. It'sbettertoutilizespecialiststatisticaltoolsbuiltformetaanalysestoseeifthe totaleffect magnitude differsfrom zero. Contd...

24. A table should be supplied, similar to systematic reviews, summarising all of the papersincludedinthestudyanddocumentingallimportantaspects,suchas author,dateofdatacollection,keyresultresults,andMedicaldatacollection techniques. In addition, a forest plot that displays the range of outcomes for each research is frequentlyprovided,demonstratingtherangeofeffectsofaninterventionin comparison.

25. Conclusion When writinga review article, the objective is to follow asystematic,plain, andclearprocess. The reader and the editor must both understand the goals and process, and all of the findings must be consistentwiththetechniques utilized. Contd...

26. Although certain modifications on normal methods are permissible, theymustalwaysbeexplainedandjustifiedinconversation; otherwise, you will very certainly have to deal with them in the first roundof peer review. Therearecertainparticularmethodologiesandtechniquesfor assessing the quality of reviews (e.g., AMSTAR, MOOSE) that can be useful in identifying what is being evaluated and how to improve thepaper.

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