A practical Guide to do Primary research on Meta-analysis Methodology – Pubrica

1. APRACTICALGUIDETODO PRIMARYRESEARCHON META ANALYSIS METHODOLOGY AnAcademicpresentationby Dr.NancyAgnes,Head,TechnicalOperations,Pubrica Group: www.pubrica.com Email:sales@pubrica.com

2. Today'sDiscussion Outline In-Brief Introduction Meta-AnalysisMethodology Conclusion

3. In-Brief Conventionalmetaanalysisresearchtechniquesareextendedtoaccommodate methods and practices found in basic research. Apart from clinical research, where consolidation efforts are facilitated by systematic review and meta analysis research, basic science occasionally use such rigorous quantitative methods.Pubricablogexplains,meta-analysesofferinformedestimatesfor biologicalconsequencesandtherangeoftheirvariability,whichareessential for the hypothesis generation and evidence-driven design of translational studies,aswell asthe developmentofcomputational models

4. Introduction Evidence-basedpractiseaimstocombinethebest evidencewithclinicaland patientexpertise. Systematic reviews and meta-analyses are necessary tools for combining evidence needed for clinical decision makingand policy. Systematicreviewshelpcombineavailableliterature usingspecificsearchparametersfollowedbylogical synthesisofmultipleprimarystudiesandcriticalappraisal. Contd...

5. Meta-analysis denotes the statistical analysis of the data from other independent fundamentalstudies thatfocus on thesame question. The objective is to create an estimation about the studied phenomenon, for example,the intervention's effectiveness. In clinical research, systematic reviews and meta-analyses act as an essential partof evidence-based medicine. However,infundamentalscience,effortstakentoevaluateliteraturereviewinsuch aquantitativeandrigorousformarerare,andnarrativereviewsareprevalent. Contd...

6. The manuscript aims to offer a brief computational resource, theoretical foundation and workflow outline for accomplishing a systematic or rapid review monitored by a meta-analysisof primary researchstudies. Meta-analysescanbeadifficultundertaking,requiringtediousscreeningand statisticalunderstanding. There are various guides found which outline how to undertake a meta-analysis in clinical research.

7. Meta-Analysis Methodology 1.SEARCHANDSELECTIONSTRATEGIES The first stage of any review contains formulating a primaryobjectiveintheformofaresearchquestion orhypothesis. Reviewers must clearly define the review's aim before starting preceding the project, which helps decrease the risk of data dredging, where commentators later assignmeaningto essentialfindings. Contd...

8. Precaution must be taken since the search strategies are formulated for the primary objectives to define the secondary objective, which may not completely encompass thebody ofthe workneeded toaddress thesecondary objective. Basedonthepurposeofareview,reviewersselectarapidorsystematic review. The meta-analytic methodology is similar to systematic and rapid reviews; the scope of literature assessed tends to be significantly narrower for rapid reviews allowing the projectto progress faster. Contd...

9. Contd...

10. 2.SYSTEMATICREVIEWANDMETA-ANALYSIS Systematic reviews include a comprehensive search strategy reviewerstorecognizeallrelatedstudiesinaparticulartopic. that allows the Systematic reviews have the potential to produce information-rich databases which permitextensive secondary analysis. Examinethepoolofexistinginformation. Searchstandardsmustbesensitiveenoughnottomissrelevantstudies. Contd...

11. Important terms and concepts conveyed as index terms and synonymous keywords, such as Medical Subject Headings, must be collected using Boolean operators AND, ORand NOT. Wildcards,Truncationandproximityoperativescanhelpimprovethesearchstrategy byprovidingdifferent wordingforthe sameconceptand spellingvariation. Searchingapproachescanbevalidatedusingaselectionofexpectedrelevantstudies. Ifsomestrategyfailstoretrieveoneamongtheselectedstudies,theresearchstrategy needsfurther optimization. Contd...

12. Updatingthesearchstrategyineveryiterativestepcontinuesuntilthesearch strategyperforms at asatisfactory level. A comprehensive prediction to return a vast number of studies is not relevant to the topic,usually resulting ina specificity of<10%. Hence, the starting stage, i.e. examining through the library to choose related studies, istime-consuming and isopen to humanerror. Nevertheless,systematicreviewscanprovidethehighest-qualityquantitative evidence synthesis todirectlyinformtheexperimentalandcomputationalbasic, preclinicaland translational studies. Contd...

13. 3.RAPIDREVIEWANDMETA-ANALYSIS Theobjectiveoftherapidreview,asmentionedinthename,ithelpsinreducingthe timeneeded tosynthesizethedata. Rapidreviewsareanappropriatealternativetosystematicapproachesifreviewers prefertogetageneralideaofthefield'sstatewithoutaprolongedtimeinvestment. Search policies are constructed by increasing search specificity, decreasing the numberofinappropriatestudiesdiscoveredbysearchingcomprehensivenesscost. Arapid review's strengthis its flexibilityto adapt tothe reviewer's needs,resulting in a lackof standardized methodology. Contd...

14. Commonshortcutsmadeinrapidreviewsare: Narrowdownthesearchcriteria, Strikingdaterestrictions, Conductingthereviewwithasinglereviewer, Neglectingexpertconsultation(i.e.,librarianforsearchstrategydevelopment), Constrictinglanguage criteria(ex. English only), Precedingtheiterativeprocessofsearchingandsearchperiodselection, Neglectingquality checklistcriteria and Limitingthenumberofdatabasessearched. Contd...

15. These shortcuts will restrict the initial pool of studies returned from the search, thus advancingtheselectionprocess,potentiallyresultinthesegregationofrelevant studiesand the introductionof selection bias. Rapid reviews do not reflect detriment quality or synthesize misrepresentative results. Whilethereisconsentthatrapidreviewsdonotsacrificequalityorsynthesize misrepresentative results, it is suggested that critical outcomes be later confirmed by systematicreview. Nevertheless,rapidreviewsareafeasiblealternativewhenparametersfor computationalmodelling need tobe valued. Contd...

16. While systematic and rapid reviews rely on various strategies to select the related studies, the statistical methods used to produce data from the systematic and rapid revieware identical. 4.SCREENINGANDSELECTION Whentheliteraturesearchiswide-ranging,articlesaretakenoutandstoredina placemanager for screening. Before research screening, the addition and elimination criteria must be defined to ensureconstancyinstudyidentificationandrecovery,especiallywhenmultiple reviewersare involved. Contd...

17. Theseriousstepsinscreeningandselectionare Eliminatingduplicates Screening for related studies by title and abstract, and Inspectingfulltextstomakesuretheyfulfilthesuitabilitycriteria. Some reference managers accessible, including Mendeley and Rayyan, exactly developedto helpwithscreening systematicreviews. However,98%ofjournalistsreportusingEndnote,ReferenceManagerorRefWorks toprepare their reviews. Contd...

18. Reference managers often have duplication functions; however, these can be tediousand error-prone. A protocol for faster and more reliable duplication in Endnote has been recently proposed. Thearticles'selectionshouldbesuitablybroad,notsubjecttoasinglelaborauthor. In primary research articles, it is collective to find data sets reused by the same groupin multiple studies. Contd...

19. Therefore, additional securities should be taken when determining to contain multiple studiespublished by a singlegroup. Screeningandselectionprocedure,therevieweracquiresacompletelistofgoodfull- text manuscripts. The full screening and selection procedure should be stated in a PRISMA diagram, which maps the data flow throughout the review according to arranged guidelines publishedelsewhere.

20. Conclusion Meta-analytic methods permit reviewers to quantitatively evaluate and synthesize results across studies to obtain data on statistical significance and relevance—systematic reviewsoffundamentalresearchdatawhichhavethe potentialofproducinginformation-richdatabaseswhich allowextensive secondaryanalysis. Our meta-analyses expertsprovide a meta-analysis writing service that will ensure a thorough review of your research question, conduct a systematic review, data extraction, and standardization and weighting studies and finally select and apply an appropriate model to compare effect sizes across differentstudies.

21. ContactUs UNITEDKINGDOM +44-7424810299 INDIA +91-9884350006 EMAIL sales@pubrica.com