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CHAPTER 12

CHAPTER 12. hypothalamus. thalamus. Structures of the Brain. Cerebellum - the part of the brain below the back of the cerebrum. It regulates balance, posture, movement, and muscle coordination. (looks like cauliflower)

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CHAPTER 12

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  1. CHAPTER 12

  2. hypothalamus thalamus

  3. Structures of the Brain • Cerebellum - the part of the brain below the back of the cerebrum. It regulates balance, posture, movement, and muscle coordination. (looks like cauliflower) • Corpus Callosum - a large bundle of nerve fibers that connect the left and right cerebral hemispheres. In the lateral section, it looks a bit like a "C" on its side.

  4. Structures of the brain • Frontal Lobe of the Cerebrum - the top, front regions of each of the cerebral hemispheres. They are used for reasoning, emotions, judgment, and voluntary movement.Medulla Oblongata - the lowest section of the brainstem (at the top end of the spinal cord); it controls automatic functions including heartbeat, breathing, etc.

  5. Structures of the brain • Occipital Lobe of the Cerebrum - the region at the back of each cerebral hemisphere that contains the centers of vision and reading ability (located at the back of the head).

  6. Structures of the brain • Parietal Lobe - the middle lobe of each cerebral hemisphere between the frontal and occipital lobes; it contains important sensory centers (located at the upper rear of the head).Pituitary Gland - a gland attached to the base of the brain (located between the Pons and the Corpus Callosum) that secretes hormones.

  7. Structures of the brain • Pons - the part of the brainstem that joins the hemispheres of the cerebellum and connects the cerebrum with the cerebellum. It is located just above the Medulla Oblongata.Spinal Cord - a thick bundle of nerve fibers that runs from the base of the brain to the hip area, running through the spine (vertebrae).

  8. Structures of the brain • Temporal Lobe of the Cerebrum - the region at the lower side of each cerebral hemisphere; contains centers of hearing and memory (located at the sides of the head).

  9. Structures of the brain • Thalamus – makes up 80% of diencephalon; where information from sensory receptors is sorted out and edited • Hypothalamus – named for its position below thalamus; makes up part of diencephalon; main visceral control center of body and is responsible for body homeostasis

  10. Diencephalon • Surrounded by cerebral hemispheres • Consists of 3 main parts: hypothalamus, epithalamus, thalamus • Is involved in homeostasis of: • Body temperature • Emotional response of limbic system • Blood pressure • Heartbeat • Digestive tract • Thirst and food intake • Sleep wake cycle • Hormone release (endocrine functioning)

  11. Brain Stem • Consists of midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata

  12. Functional Brain System • Networks of neurons working together and spanning wide areas of the brain (add this statement) • The two systems are: • Limbic system • Reticular formation

  13. Limbic System • Group of structures located on the medial aspects of cerebral hemispheres and diencephalon • Includes both the hippocampus (add) and amygdale (which both have a role in memory) • Is our emotional or affective (feelings) brain • Most limbic system output is relayed through the hypothalamus (hence why emotions can cause psychosomatic illnesses – or emotion induced illness)

  14. Limbic System Figure 12.18

  15. Psychosomatic illnesses = emotion induced illness • Because the hypothalamus handles both autonomic visceral function and emotional response, it is not surprising that people under acute stress fall prey to visceral illness • Ex. heartburn and high blood pressure (video)

  16. Reticular Formation • Extends the central core of the brain stem • Has RAS (reticular activating system) that acts as a filter to sensory input ex. Filter out background noise • Note: between the cerebral cortex and the RAS, approx. 99% of all sensory stimuli is disregarded as unimportant • Can be affected by LSD as it interferes with ability to block sensory stimulus

  17. Reticular Formation Figure 12.19

  18. Consciousness • Encompasses perception of sensation, voluntary initiation and control of movement, and capabilities associated with higher mental processing (memory, logic, judgment, perseverance, etc.) • Consciousness is defined on a continuum that grades behavior response to stimuli as: (1) alertness, (2) drowsiness or lethargy, (3) stupor, (4) coma

  19. Fainting or Syncope • A brief loss of consciousness

  20. Coma • Total unresponsiveness to sensory stimuli for an extended period of time

  21. Language • Important part of the brain that practically all of association cortex on left side is involved • Two critically important areas in language are Broca’s area and Wernicke’s area

  22. Broca’s Area • Patients with damage to this area can understand language, but have difficulty speaking

  23. Wernicke’s Area • Patients with lesions involving Wernicke’s area are able to speak but talk nonsensically

  24. Memory • Memory is the storage and retrieval of information

  25. Memory Processing Figure 12.22

  26. Stages of Memory • The two stages of memory are short-term memory and long-term memory • Short-term memory (STM, or working memory) – capacity is limited to 7 or 8 chunks of information ex. Telephone number; it serves as a temporary holding bin • Long-term memory (LTM)- can store information long term here, but our ability to store and retrieve information declines with age

  27. Transfer from STM to LTM • Factors that effect transfer of memory from STM to LTM include: • Emotional state – we learn best when we are alert, motivated, and aroused • Rehearsal – repeating or rehearsing material enhances memory • Association – associating new information with old memories in LTM enhances memory • Automatic memory – subconscious information stored in LTM

  28. Categories of Memory • The two categories of memory are fact memory and skill memory • Fact (declarative) memory: • Entails learning explicit information such as names, dates, faces and words • Nondeclarative memory: includes • Procedural (skills) memory ex. Playing a piano • Motor memory ex. Riding a bike • Emotional memory ex. Pounding heart when you hear Mrs. Evans’ voice in hall and you are goofing off

  29. Memory Processing Figure 12.22

  30. Brain Structures Involved in Memory • It appears that specific pieces of each memory are stored near regions of the brain that need them so that new inputs can be quickly associated with the old. • Accordingly, visual memories are stored in the occipital lobe, memories of music in the temporal cortex, etc.

  31. Memory Loss • Damage to hippocampus and surrounding medial temporal lobe structures on either side results in only slight memory loss • Bilateral destruction to hippocampus and surrounding medial temporal lobe cuases widespread amnesia • Anterograde amnesia: consolidated memories are not lost, but new sensory inputs cannot be associated with the old, and the person lives in the here and now from that point on ex. 10 second Tom • Retrograde amnesia: loss of memories formed in distant past Video

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