Job Processes

1. 1 2 3 4 Job Processes • Facilities organized by process. • Similar processes or equipment grouped together. (Example: All drill presses are together.) • Products follow many different paths.

2. Hospital Machine Shop Jobbing Processes Examples

3. Batch processes Batch processes can often look like jobbing processes, but batch does not have quite the degree of variety associated jobbing. As the name implies, each time batch processes produce a product they produce more than one. So each part of the operation has periods when it is repeating itself, at least while the batch is being processed. Example of batch processes include machine tool manufacturing, the production of components parts which go into mass-product assemblies such as automobiles, and the production of most clothing.

4. Batch Processes • Facilities often organized by assembly lines. • Characterized by modules. • Parts & assemblies made previously. • Modules combined for many output options.

5. Batch Processes - Harley Davidson

6. Fast Food Clothes Dryer McDonald’sover 95 billion served Truck Batch Processes - Examples

7. Mass Processes Mass processes are those which produce goods in high volume and relatively narrow variety. An automobile plant, for example, might produce several thousand variants of car if every option of engine size, colour, extra equipment etc. is taken into account. Yet essentially it is a mass operation because the different variants of its product do not affect the basic process of production. (automobile, consumer durable, TV plant, soft drink)

8. Soft Drinks Light Bulbs Mass Processes

9. 1 2 3 4 Continues Processes • High volume, low variety products. • Long, continuous production runs. • Continuous process manufacturing. Line Flow

10. Continuous processes Continuous processes are one step beyond mass processes insomuch as they operate at even higher volume and often have even lower variety. They also usually operate for longer periods of time. Sometimes they are continuous in that their products are inseparable, being produced in an endless flow. Examples are petrochemical refineries, electricity utilities, steel making, and some papermaking.

11. Continues Processes: Steel Plant

12. . Paper (Continuous) Continues Processes Examples

13. Process Design Flexible flows Process Choice: Project Process Project Process Job Process Job Process Batch Process Intermediate flows Mass Process Continuous Process Batch Process Mass Process Line flows Continuous Process Low Volume High

14. Process types in manufacturing High Project Jobbing Batch Variety Mass Continuous Low Low Volume High

15. Process types in service operations Professional services Professional services are defined as high contact organisations where customers spend a considerable time in the service process. Such services provide high levels of customization, the service process being highly adaptable in order to meet individual customer needs. Examples are Professional services like management consultants, lawyers, doctors, architects etc., Mass services Mass services have many customer transactions, involving limited contact time and little customization. Such services are often predominantly equipment-based and product oriented. Examples are rail services, supermarket, airport.

16. Service shops Service shops are characterized by levels of customer contact, customization, volumes of customers and staff discretion, which position them between the extremes of professional and mass services. Service shop include banks, high street shops, holiday tour operators, car rental companies, schools, most restaurants, hotels and travel agents.

17. Process types in services High Professional services Service Shops Variety Mass Services Low Low Volume High

18. Measuring Process Performance • Throughput Time • Process Velocity • Productivity • Utilisation • Efficiency