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Transformations in 18th & 19th Century England and Ireland

The chapter delves into the significant shifts from farming to industrialization in 18th and 19th century England and Ireland. It covers the Agricultural Revolution, changes in farming methods, advancements in transportation like roads and canals, the impact of trade on the Industrial Revolution, manufacturing inventions in textiles and steam power, the growth of cities, and the transition from the domestic system to factory labor. The Industrial Revolution was fueled by a combination of factors including profits from trade, population growth, the Agricultural Revolution, and advancements in transportation.

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Transformations in 18th & 19th Century England and Ireland

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  1. Social change in 18th- and 19th-Century England and Ireland 17 From Farm to Factory WHAT YOU WILL LEARN At the end of this chapter you should understand ... • What happened during the Agricultural Revolution in Britain. • How the Transport Revolution influenced Britain. • How the manufacture of cloth was changed by new inventions. • What caused the Industrial Revolution in Britain. Chapter 17 | From Farm to Factory

  2. Rise in Population What were the effects of the rise in population on agriculture (and industry)? Chapter 17 | From Farm to Factory

  3. The Agricultural Revolution Manor house Common Park manor Manor farm NORTH FIELD Barley Mill farm Weeds spread easily No machiner y used WEST FIELD Brook farm Ford Ford Oak farm Green Village Mill farm Rectory Rectory Wheat Church Church Cattle and sheep thin Fallow Common Common Ivy farm Two-mile farm SOUTH FIELD Wood Southfield farm One-third of land not used What were the faults of the old three-field system? What improvements were made through enclosure? Chapter 17 | From Farm to Factory

  4. The Agricultural Revolution First Year Second Year New methods of farming How did the Norfolk crop rotation and selective breeding improve farming? Turnips Barley Wheat Clover Third Year Fourth Year Chapter 17 | From Farm to Factory

  5. The Agricultural Revolution New machinery How did the seed drill and the reaper improve farming? Chapter 17 | From Farm to Factory

  6. The Agricultural Revolution What did Arthur Young contribute to the Agricultural Revolution? Chapter 17 | From Farm to Factory

  7. The Agricultural Revolution Improvements of the Agricultural Revolution Acts of Enclosure passed by Parliament Farmers controlled their own land; could introduce new methods of farming Enclosure Could use all land every year; turnips available for animal feed Norfolk crop rotation Charles Townshend Improved quality and size of cattle and sheep; more meat Selective breeding Robert Bakewell Seed drill Jethro Tull Scattered seeds evenly; easier to weed Horse-hoe Jethro Tull For weeding between rows Reaper Cyrus McCormick Faster and more efficient cutting of corn Annals of Agriculture Arthur Young Wrote about new farming methods Chapter 17 | From Farm to Factory

  8. The Transport Revolution 18th century roads What were the faults of 18th century roads? Chapter 17 | From Farm to Factory

  9. The Transport Revolution How did roads in the 18th century improve? Chapter 17 | From Farm to Factory

  10. The Transport Revolution Canals and ships Tunnel Aqueduct Locks How did canals improve transport? Chapter 17 | From Farm to Factory

  11. Britain’s Trade BRITAIN NORTH AMERICA EUROPE WEST AFRICA Atlantic Ocean WEST INDIES SOUTH AMERICA How did Britain’s trade contribute to the Industrial Revolution? Chapter 17 | From Farm to Factory

  12. The Transport Revolution Faster, cheaper and more comfortable Decline of coaches and canals Railways Impact of Railways Growth of tourism Growth of industry Growth of towns and cities Chapter 17 | From Farm to Factory

  13. Manufacturing Inventions Inventions in the Cotton and Woollen Industry SPINNING INVENTIONS • More thread could be made. James Hargreaves 1764 Spinning Jenny Richard Arkwright 1769 Water frame – a spinning machine powered by water or steam Samuel Crompton 1779 Spinning mule – a spinning machine powered by water or steam 1730 1750 1800 Factory Industry Domestic Industry John Kay 1733 ‘Flying shuttle’ for handloom Edmund Cartwright 1787 Power loom – powered by water or steam WEAVING INVENTIONS • More thread could be made. Chapter 17 | From Farm to Factory

  14. Manufacturing Inventions Steam Power Beam Coal mines • More coal needed to power steam engines. Transport • Steam engines used in railways. Piston Impact of Steam Power Cylinder Factories • More coal needed. • Steam engines drove machines. Iron industry • Steam engines made of iron. Condenser Would you agree that the steam engine was the greatest invention of the Industrial Revolution? Watt’s steam engine Chapter 17 | From Farm to Factory

  15. Manufacturing Inventions Coal, Iron and Steel USES OF COAL Gas lighting Engines for factories Railways and steamships Furnaces for steel Furnaces for smelting iron Chemicals, dyes and glass Home heating and cooking INVENTOR INVENTION IMPROVEMENT Abraham Darby Coke for smelting iron ore Charcoal replaced by coke for smelting iron Henry Cort Puddling and rolling Turned pig iron into wrought iron cheaply and quickly Henry Bessemer Bessemer converter Cheap steel produced Chapter 17 | From Farm to Factory

  16. From Farm to Factory Growth of Cities More Houses, transport, Shops and Services Workers – Builders, Labourers, Shopkeepers Houses, Transport, shops and Services FACTORIES How was life under the domestic system different from life under the factory system? Chapter 17 | From Farm to Factory

  17. What caused the Industrial Revolution in Britain? A Summary Profits from trade Rising population Agricultural Revolution The Causes of the Industrial Revolution Transport Revolution Manufacturing Inventions Coal and Iron Ore How did each of these contribute to the cause of the Industrial Revolution? Which of these causes would you consider the most important? Chapter 17 | From Farm to Factory

  18. Why was manufacturing industry concentrated in certain areas? Jupiter Jupiter What did the Great Exhibition show? Chapter 17 | From Farm to Factory

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