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Image Processing: Techniques, Challenges, and Applications

Explore the world of image processing - from the workings of the human eye to advanced computing challenges, special methods, computing optimizations, and applications across various fields. Discover the steps in image processing, special methods like 3D reconstruction and video processing, computing challenges including data volume and algorithm complexity, and optimization techniques for efficient code. Uncover the fascinating uses of image processing in medical imaging, machine vision, remote sensing, computer graphics, and more. Join Theo Schouten on an integrated examination journey with assignments and research in the realm of image processing.

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Image Processing: Techniques, Challenges, and Applications

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  1. Introduction Theo Schouten

  2. Human Eye • 6-7 106 Cones, 120 106 Rods • Reaction time: 0.1 sec (enough for transferring 100 nerve stimuli) • Parallel processing by 1010 nerve cells (neurons) • Adjustment to light intensity (factor 1010) • Stereo: 2 eyes and their continuous movement, focusing • Continuous assimilation of moving images Theo Schouten

  3. Visual effects Theo Schouten

  4. Steps in image processing • Production (CCD camera, CT, MRI ) • Storage, transmission and compression • Transformation eg to a Fourier or Wavelet space • Restoration, e.g. lens distortions or movement • Enhancement: making suitable for an application • Segmentation: finding (parts of) relevent objects • finding edges: local deviations in an image • finding surface areas: local similarities • Describing and measuring of regions and objects • Image understanding (Pattern recognition, classical, neural networks, AI) Theo Schouten

  5. Special methods • 2 and 3 D Computed Tomography (CT) images to make it possible to view the interior of an object. • binary images, e.g. mathematical morphology • color and in general multispectral images • texture (fine structures on a surface) • 3-D reconstruction out of stereo images • video processing (movement, 3-D) • 3D image processing Theo Schouten

  6. Computing challenges • the large amount of data • high complexity of algorithms • high speed requirements • parallel machines, algorithms • special purpose chips, CPU’s • real-time requirements • image recorders, robots, production machines Theo Schouten

  7. Optimizing code /* slow.c */#define SIZE 4096float imin[SIZE][SIZE], imout[SIZE][SIZE];int main(int argc, char **argv){  int i, j, k, l;/* initialize image */  for(i=0; i < SIZE; i++) for(j=0; j < SIZE; j++) imin[j][i] = (i+j) % 256;/* average each pixel with its neighbours */  for(i=0; i < SIZE; i++) {    for(j=0; j < SIZE; j++) {      if( i == 0 || j == 0 ) imout[j][i] = imin[j][i];      else if( i == SIZE-1 || j == SIZE-1 ) imout[j][i] = imin[j][i];      else {        imout[j][i] = 0;        for(k=-1; k < 2 ; k++) for(l=-1; l < 2; l++) imout[j][i] += imin[j+l][i+k];        imout[j][i] /= 9 ; }}}} Theo Schouten

  8. Relation other science fields • Signal Analysis; 1D signal. • Geometry; position, orientation and size of objects from 3-D measurements • Linear Algebra • Estimation Theory; eg compression of images or in determining the movement of objects. • Statistical Pattern recognition; classification • Syntactical Pattern recognition; structure of an image • Artificial Intelligence; representation and manipulation of knowledge information that is extracted from images. • Real Time Systems; interaction with other machines. • System and Computer Architecture; parallel (1 CPU per pixel); special processors • Computer Graphics; for projecting the images and showing the results of the manipulations • User Interfaces; for good interaction with the software systems used for image manipulations. Theo Schouten

  9. Uses of image processing • Medical Imaging • Machine en Robot vision (industrial production and inspection ) • Remote Sensing (satellite and aerial photos) • graphical and game industry, image editing in combination with computer graphics • consumer photo and video editing Theo Schouten

  10. Integrated Examination • 4 assignments • 1st individual, rest in groups • working towards a goal • all assignments must have been handed in • final grade is average if all grades are 5 or more • otherwise the lowest grade Theo Schouten

  11. FEED Fast Exact Euclidean Distance transformation Joint research with Egon van den Broek en Harco Kuppens Theo Schouten

  12. Video Surveillance Theo Schouten

  13. Depth from floor contact Theo Schouten

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