七十回顧 ( 兼敘懷念李故所長 ) 演講人 : 馬哲保

1. 七十回顧(兼敘懷念李故所長)演講人: 馬哲保 台大應力研究所國際會議廳 中華民國100年10月3日 (星期一)下午 2 時 20 分

2. 演講大綱 (一) 前言及生平概述（1941~2011） (二) 結識李故所長前後14年 (1981~1994） (三) 退休前2年及後5年 (2005~2011) (四) 展望未來黃金25年（2011~2036） (五) Concluding Remarks

3. 附件 • (1) The Hub Nation • (2) Robert Gates on Leadership • (3) Henry Kissinger on Pacific Community • (4) It’s still Obama’s Party • (5) Fox News

4. 前言及生平概述（1941~2011） • 生在北京 (1941)，住過上海四年，1946年 隨父母來台，長在台灣 (1946~1966) 。 • 在台灣完成小學、中學（新竹中學）與大學（台大地質系）之養成教育。 • 1966~1972: Graduate School of Arts & Sciences (Geology) / Harvard University, USA. • 1973: Post Doc Research Associate (Geochemistry) / Pennsylvania State University, USA.

5. 前言及生平概述（1941~2011）(Continued) • 1974~1975: Humboldt Research Fellow (Mineralogy) / Ruhr University in Bochum, Germany. • 1976~2007: 1976/1/26 返台進入中山科學研究院; 服務滿 31年後，於2007/1/16 從已歸建行政院原子能委員會之核能研究所屆齡退休。 • 2007~2011: 退休生活。

6. 首次於1981年結識李故所長紹林先生於德國 KfK 核能研究中心 • 1981 (Feb~Aug): 延續之前 (1974~1975) 獲頒之 Humboldt Research Fellow 身分，再度赴德 (從中科院國外公差) 進入 Kernforschungszentrum Karlsruhe (簡稱 KfK, Nuclear Research Center in Karlsruhe) 核能材料研究所進修。 • 李故所長紹林先生則於同年四、五月間從美國 State University of New York (SUNY) at Stony Brook 以 Humboldt Senior Fellow 身份在 KfK 擔任核能安全程式發展之 Consulting 工作；此一期間內與我一起住在 Karlsruhe 城裏各大學聯營之 Gastdozentenhaus (Guest Teachers House) 。

7. 五年之後在台灣重逢(1986~1989) (1) 李故所長大我十歲，早年畢業於台大機械系，後 赴美留學，就讀哈佛大學並獲頒工程博士學位。 (2) 1986~1989前後三年期間: 李故所長返台擔任台大應力所所長，並兼任國防部科技顧問室顧問，協助中科院提昇基本研究能量。 (3) 同一期間本人擔任核能研究所 (中科院代管期間) 基本研究計畫主持人，奉派協助李故所長執行其科技顧問室工作。 (4) 因核能研究所於1989年脫離了中科院，歸建行政院原子能委員會，因而終止了與李故所長之工作關係。

8. 最後的話語 (1994年前後) • 1989年後，李故所長續任國防部科技顧問室顧問，長年往返奔波於美台兩地，直至1994年前後有一天，接獲李故所長離台返美登機之前打到我辦公室的一通電話。 • 一兩天後，得知李故所長這次飛抵美國下機時中風昏迷，不幸辭世！

9. 退休前 2 年 (2005&2006) 告別之作 • 核能研究所在我退休前不久，亟思進入新能源之研發領域，需於短期內，與國際先進機構取得連繫，引進新知。我很榮幸出面邀請到多位國際上研發有成之專家學者來所，先後促成了五項國際研討會。 • (1) 2005 Taiwan SOFC Symposium (May 30~June 3, 2005).

10. 退休前2年 (2005&2006) 告別之作 (Continued) • (2) 2005 Taiwan Symposium on Hydrogen Storage in CNMs (Oct 18~19, 2005). • (3) 2005 Taiwan Symposium on HCPV Systems (Nov 15~16, 2005). • (4) 2006 Taiwan SOFC Workshop (June 6~8, 2006). • (5) 2006 Taiwan Small Fuel Cells Symposium (June 27~28, 2006).

11. 退休後第一年 (2007) 重溫國語文 • 通過『2007年教育部對外華語教學能力認證考試』（The Certification Examination for Proficiency in Teaching Chinese as a Second/Foreign Language) ；年底獲頒證書。 • 考試科目：(1) 華語口語與表達；(2) 華語文教學；(3) 漢語語言學；(4) 華人社會與文化；(5) 國文科 (含語文知識與語文表達、古典與現代文學作品、國學常識和名句名篇、寫作應用) 。

12. 赴美旅遊、廣泛閱讀與探視子女 (August 2007~September 2011) • 旅遊地點集中在三位子女之居住城市 (DC area; Boston area; South Bend, Indiana)。 • 閱讀報紙 (The Washington Post)、傳記文學 (President Obama’s 2 books: Dreams from My Father and The Audacity of Hope 及 Henry Kissinger’s book “On China”)、雜誌 (Newsweek, The Economist, Foreign Affairs) 。 • 出席 Workshops on Taiwan & Mainland China Studies (Taking place in Fairbank Center for Chinese Studies at Harvard University and Brookings Institution in Washington, DC, respectively) 。

13. 簡述三位子女之專業歷程 • 大兒子 (馬成軍) 先後就讀台大物理系、物理研究所及美國夏威夷大學天文研究所 (University of Hawaii, Institute for Astronomy, IfA)。 • 目前任職美國哈佛大學天文物理研究中心 (Harvard Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics，CfA)，擔任 Post Doc 研究工作。

14. 簡述三位子女之專業歷程 (Continued) • 大女兒 (馬恩軍) 就讀台大國企系期間，先後前往美國 Stanford University (暑期英語會話課程) ，日本早稻田大學 (暑期日本語文課程)，及加拿大 Toronto University (一年期管理學院課程) 擔任交換學生。 • 台大畢業後赴美 (Cleveland, Ohio) 就讀 Case Western Reserve University Law School (JD Program) 。畢業後任職 Cleveland “Thompson Hine” law firm ； 後轉往Washington, DC 任職 “Dow Lohnes” law firm 並就近在Georgetown University Law Center 攻讀 Master of Laws (LLM) in Taxation Program 學位。 • 獲頒 LLM 學位後，轉入同樣位於 Washington, DC 之 “McDermott Will & Emery” law firm 稅法部門，擔任律師 (Attorney at Law) 工作。

15. 簡述三位子女之專業歷程 (Continued) • 小兒子 (馬萬軍) 先後就讀台大機械系、電機研究所及美國 University of Maryland at College Park 電機研究所。 • 目前在 South Bend, Indiana 就讀 Notre Dame University 電機研究所，專攻 Control and Optimization 並針對 Distributed Control, Estimation, and Optimization of Networked Dynamical Systems 進行研發工作。

16. 展望未來黃金 25 年Put my age into perspective with Harvard & MIT • Born 1941, went abroad to study in America in 1966 at age 25; engaged in making frequent trips to America after retirement and will celebrate 70th birthday this week in 2011; will be 95 years old in 25 years in 2036. • Harvard established in 1636; celebrated its 330th Anniversary in 1966; has been filled with events for a yearlong celebration of its 375th Anniversary this year in 2011; will celebrate its big 400th Anniversary in 2036. • MIT established in 1861;105th Anniversary celebration in 1966, 150th Anniversary celebration in 2011, 175th Anniversary celebration in 2036.

17. 展望未來黃金 25 年 (Continued)American Civil War versus revolutions in Mainland China in the past 150 years • American Civil War broke out in 1861. Since then, America has been reconstructed and become the world’s superpower after the end of the Second World War. • In the same time period, Mainland China had suffered three major revolutions of similar magnitude (太平天國1861；辛亥革命1911；國共內戰 1945); and revolutions (including 文化大革命 1966~1976) had continued for another 30 years in Mainland China since PRC was established in 1950. • In the interim, Henry Kissinger’s historic visit to Beijing in 1971 reconnected Mainland China to the world. • Opening-up reform in PRC starting from 1980 has eventually successfully led to substantial uplift of its national power for the past 30 years.

18. 展望未來黃金 25 年 (Continued)Peaceful Coexistence between America and Mainland China (2-G) • If the trend holds, we will likely be able to observe a golden period of 25 years of peace and prosperity globally until 2036 when PRC’s national total GDP is expected to reach that of America. • But due to the size of its population, per capita GDP of PRC will still be a mere quarter of that of America, even when its national total GDP equals that of America. • These two great powers (2-G) are however closely relied upon to each other in trade and international politics. • Taiwan can certainly play a constructive role and make great contributions to the promotion of their peaceful coexistence and benefit the well beings of peoples of America, Mainland China, and Taiwan in forming a sort of political, economic and cultural alliance of “ACAT”.

19. Concluding Remarks • 我在德國結識李故所長於1981年年初，我三位年幼子女從剛滿四歲、兩歲半、到出生半年多，當時都留在台灣由我內人照顧。五年之後我追隨李故所長在中科院工作時，他們已經分別年滿九歲、七歲半、五歲半。李故所長曾多次親自駕車帶他們出遊，雖然時隔 25 年，當年情境仍歷歷在目。只是李故所長後來英年早逝，已無緣向他面報他們的成長過程了。

20. Concluding Remarks (Continued) • 俗語說子女是父母生命的延伸。能陪伴三位子女從小 (跟我們當年同樣狀況) 在台灣完成本土化養成教育，然後赴美勇敢面對文化衝擊、語言挑戰、與專業訓練，我們夫婦兩人在疼惜與掛念他們之餘，自己則常有舊夢重溫、人生又得以重新走一趟的莫名喜悅，而深感何其有幸！ • 我個人即將在這個禮拜，年滿七十足歲。轉眼間已年近古稀，希望今後能享受平淡與健康的日子，也祝福世人平安喜樂、社會繁榮進步！

21. 附件 (1) The Hub Nation --- Immigration places America at the centre of a web of global networks. So why not make it easier?(An article appeared in The Economist April 24th 2010) • Immigrants benefit America because they study and work hard. That is the standard argument in favour of immigration, and it is correct. Leaving your home country is a big deal. By definition, it takes get-up-and-go to get up and go, which is why immigrants are abnormally entrepreneurial. But there is another, less obvious benefit of immigration. Because they maintain links with the places they came from, immigrants help America plug into a vast web of global networks.

22. 附件 (1) The Hub Nation (Continued) • Many people have observed how the networks of overseas Chinese and Indians benefit their respective motherlands. Diasporas speed the flow of information: an ethnic Chinese trader in Indonesia who spots a commercial opportunity will quickly alert his cousin who runs a factory in Guangdong. And ties of kin, clan or dialect ensure a high level of trust. This allows decisions to be made swiftly: multimillion-dollar deals can sometimes be sealed with a single phone call. America is linked to the world in a different way. It does not have much of a diaspora, since native-born Americans seldom emigrate permanently. But it is by far the world’s largest stock of immigrants, including significant numbers from just about every country on earth. Most assimilate quickly, but few sever all ties with their former homelands.

23. 附件 (1) The Hub Nation (Continued) • Consider Andres Ruzo, an entrepreneur who describes himself as “Peruvian by birth; Texan by choice”. He moved to America when he was 19. After studying engineering, he founded a telecoms firm near Dallas. It prospered, and before long he was looking to expand into Latin America. He needed a partner. He stumbled on one through a priest, who introduced him to another devour IT entrepreneur, Vladimir Varagas Esquivel, who was based in Costa Rica and looking to expand northward. It was a perfect fit. And because of the way they were introduced --- by a priest they both respected --- they felt they could trust each other. Their firm now operates in ten countries and generates tens of millions of dollars in annual sales. Mr Ruzo wants the firm, which is called ITS Infocom, to go global. So although he and Mr Vargas Esquivel natter to each other in Spanish, they insist that the firm’s official language must be English.

24. 附件 (1) The Hub Nation (Continued) • Trust matters. Modern technology allows instant, cheap communication. Yet although anyone can place a long-distance call, not everyone knows whom to call, or whom to trust. Ethnic networks can address this problem. For example, Sanjaya Kumar, an Indian doctor, arrived in America in 1992. He developed an interest in software that helps to prevent medical errors. This is not a small problem. Perhaps 100,000 Americans die each year because of preventable medical mistakes, according to the Institute of Medicine. Dr Kumar needed cash and business advice to commercialise his ideas, so he turned to a network of ethnic Indian entrepreneurs called TIE. He met, and was backed by, an Indian American venture capitalist, Vish Mishra. His firm, Quantros, now sells its services to 2300 American hospitals. And it is staring to expand into India, having linked up with a software firm there which is run by an old school chum of one of Dr Kumar’s Indian-American executives.

25. 附件 (1) The Hub Nation (Continued) • Ethnic networks have drawbacks. If they are means of excluding outsiders, they can be stultifying. But they accelerate the flow of information. Nicaraguan-Americans put buyers in Miami in touch with sellers in Managua. Indian-American employees help American consulting firms scout for talent in Bangalore. The benefits are hard to measure, but William Kerr of the Harvard Business School has found some suggestive evidence. He looked at the names on patent records, reasoning that an inventor called Wang was probably of Chinese origin, while some called Martinez was probably Hispanic. He found that foreign researchers cite American-based researchers of their own ethnicity 30-50% more often than you would expect if ethnic ties made no difference. It is not just that a Chinese boffin in Beijing reads papers written by Chinese boffins in America. A Chinese boffin in America may alert his old classmate in Beijing to cool research being done at the lab across the road.

26. 附件 (1) The Hub Nation (Continued) • Network effects • In Silicon Valley more than half of Chinese and Indian immigrant scientists and engineers report sharing information about technology or business opportunities with people in their home countries, according to AnnaLee Saxenian of the University of California, Berkeley. Some Americans fret that China and India are using American know-how to out-compete America. But knowledge flows both ways. As people in emerging markets innovate --- which they are already doing at a prodigious clip --- America will find it ever more useful to have so many citizens who can tap into the latest brainwaves from Mumbai and Shanghai. Immigrants can also help their American employers do business in their homelands. Firms that employ many ethnic Chinese scientists, for example, are more likely to invest in China and more likely to do so through a wholly owned subsidiary, rather than seeking the crutch of a joint venture, finds Mr Kerr. In other words, local knowledge reduces the cost of doing business.

27. 附件 (1) The Hub Nation (Continued) • Immigration provides America with legions of unofficial ambassadors, deal-brokers, recruiters and boosters. Immigrants not only bring the best ideas from around the world to American shores; they are also a conduit for spreading American ideas and ideals back to their homelands, thus increasing their adoptive country’s soft power. • All of which makes the task of fixing America’s cumbersome immigration rules rather urgent. Atlas, Barack Obama has done little to fulfill his campaign pledge to do so. With unemployment still at nearly 10%, few politicians are brave enough to be seen encouraging foreigners to compete for American jobs. • ************************* End of Article ***************************

28. 附件 (2) “Robert Gates Shares Thoughts on Leadership”; His Final Commencement Speech as Defense Secretary Friday (05.27.2011), Speaking to the Graduates at the U.S. Naval Academy in Annapolis (An excerpt offered by the Washington Post on Memorial Day, 05.30.2011) • While many people witness history, those who step forward to serve in a time of crisis have a place in history. As of today, you join the long line of patriots in a noble calling. By your service you will have a chance to leave your mark on history…. • As you start your careers as leaders today, I would like to offer some brief thoughts on those qualities. For starters, great leaders must have vision – the ability to get your eyes off your shoelaces at every level of rank and responsibility and see beyond the day-to-day tasks and problems. To be able to look beyond tomorrow and discern a world of possibilities and potential. How do you take any outfit to a higher level of excellence? You must see what others do not or cannot and then be prepared to act on your vision.

29. 附件(2) Robert Gates on Leadership (Continued) • An additional quality necessary for leadership is deep conviction. True leadership is a fire in the mind that transforms all who feel its warmth that transfixes all who see its shining light in the eyes of a man or woman. It is strength of purpose and belief in a cause that reaches out to others, touches their hearts and makes them eager to follow. Self-confidence is still another quality of leadership. Not the chest-thumping, strutting egotism. Rather, it is the quiet self-assurance that allows a leader to give others both real responsibility and real credits for success. The ability to stand in the shadow and let others receive attention and accolades. A leader is able to make decisions but then delegate and trust others to make things happen. That doesn’t mean turning your back after making a decision and hoping for the best. It does mean trusting in people at the same time you hold them accountable. The bottom line: A self-confident leader doesn’t cast such a large shadow that no one else can grow.

30. 附件(2) Robert Gates on Leadership (Continued) • A further quality of leadership is courage: not just the physical courage of the seas, of the skies and of the trenches, but moral courage. The courage to chart a new course, the courage to do what is right and not just what is popular, the courage to stand alone, the courage to act, the courage as military officer to “speak truth to power.” • In most academic curricula today, and in most business, government and military training programs, there is great emphasis on team-building, on working together, on building consensus, on group dynamics. You have learned a lot about that. But, for everyone who would become a leader, the time will inevitably come when you must stand alone. When alone you must say, “This is wrong” or “I disagree with all of you and, because I have the responsibility, this is what we will do.” Don’t kid yourself － that takes real courage.

31. 附件(2) Robert Gates on Leadership (Continued) • Another essential quality of leadership is integrity. Without this, real leadership is not possible. Nowadays, it seems like integrity － or honor or character － is kind of quaint, a curious, old-fashioned notion. We read of too many successful and intelligent people in and out of government who succumb to the easy wrong rather than the hard right － whether from inattention or a sense of entitlement, the notion that rules are not for them. But for a real leader, personal virtues －self-reliance, self-control, honor, truthfulness, morality － are absolute. These are the building blocks of character, of integrity －and only on that foundation can real leadership be built. • A final quality of real leadership, I believe, is simply common decency: treating those around you － and, above all, your subordinates － with fairness and respect. An acid test of leadership is how you treat those you outrank, or as President Truman once said, “how you treat those who can’t talk back.”… • Above all, remember that the true measure of leadership is not how you react in times of peace or times without peril. The true measure of leadership is how you react when the wind leaves your sails, when the tide turns against you.

32. 附件 (3) The Last Part of Henry Kissinger’s Epilogue (Toward a Pacific Community) quoted from his recent book On China, published January 2011 • The argument that China and the United States are condemned to collision assumes that they deal with each other as competing blocks across the Pacific. But this is the road to disaster for both sides. • An aspect of strategic tension in the current world situation resides in the Chinese fear that America is seeking to contain China---paralleled by the American concern that China is seeking to expel the United States from Asia. The concept of a Pacific Community---a region to which the United States, China, and other states all belong and in whose peaceful development all participates---could ease both fears. It would make the United States and China part of a common enterprise. Shared purposes---and the elaboration of them---would replace strategic uneasiness to some extent. It would enable other major countries such as Japan, Indonesia, Vietnam, India, and Australia to participate in the construction of a system perceived as joint rather than polarized between “Chinese” and “American” blocks. Such an effort could be meaningful only if it engaged the full attention, and above all the conviction, of the leaders concerned.

33. 附件(3) Henry Kissinger on Pacific Community (Continued) • A common regional political concept would also in large part answer China’s fear that the United States is conducting a containment policy toward China. It is important to understand what one means by the term “containment.” Countries on China’s borders with substantial resources, such as India, Japan, Vietnam, and Russia, represent realities not created by American policy. China has lived with these countries throughout its history. When Secretary of State Hillary Clinton rejected the notion of containing China, she meant an American effort aimed at creating a strategic bloc on anti-Chinese basis. In a Pacific Community effort, both China and the United States would have constructive relations with each other and all other participants, not as part of confronting blocks. • The future of Asia will be shaped to a significant degree by how China and America envision it, and by the extent to which each nation is able to achieve some congruence with the other’s historic regional role. Throughout its history, the United States has often been motivated by visions of the universal relevance of its ideals and of a proclaimed duty to spread them. China has acted on the basis of its singularity; it expanded by cultural osmosis. Not missionary zeal.

34. 附件(3) Henry Kissinger on Pacific Community (Continued) • For these two societies representing different versions of exceptionalism, the road to cooperation is inherently complex. The mood of the moment is less relevant than the ability to develop a pattern of actions of surviving inevitable changes of circumstances. The leaders on both sides of the Pacific have an obligation to establish a tradition of consultation and mutual respect so that, for their successors, jointly building a shared world order becomes an expression of parallel national aspirations. • When China and the United States first restored relations forty years ago, the most significant contribution of the leaders of the time was their willingness to raise their sights beyond the immediate issues of the day. In a way, they were fortunate in that their long isolation from each other meant that there were no short-term day-to-day issues between them. This enabled the leaders of a generation ago to deal with their future, not their immediate pressures, and to lay the basis for a world unimaginable then but unachievable without Sino-American cooperation.

35. 附件(3) Henry Kissinger on Pacific Community (Continued) • In pursuit of understanding the nature of peace, I have studied the construction and operation of international orders ever since I was a graduate student well over half a century ago. On the basis of these studies, I am aware that the cultural, historic, and strategic gaps in perception that I have described will pose formidable challenges for even the best-intentioned and most far-sighted leadership on both sides. On the other hand, were history confined to the mechanical repetition of the past, no transformation would ever have occurred. Every great achievement was a vision before it became a reality. In that sense, it arose from commitment, not resignation to the inevitable. • In his essay of “Perpetual Peace,” the philosopher Immanuel Kant argued that perpetual peace would eventually come to the world in one of two ways: by human insight or by conflicts and catastrophes of a magnitude that left humanity no other choice. We are at such a juncture. • When Premier Zhou Enlai and I agreed on the communiqué that announced the secret visit, he said: “This will shake the world.” What a culmination if, forty years later, the United States and China could merge their efforts not to shake the world, but to build it.

36. 附件 (4) It’s still Obama’s party(A column written by Harold Meyerson, The Washington Post, 08.04.2011) • President Obama is faring poorly these days, but he can console himself with the fact that he’ll probably be spared the fate of previous presidents who fell on hard times: a primary challenge. Those groups within the Democratic Party that might otherwise be shopping around for a more forthrightly progressive alternative are deterred by two factors: the likelihood that any change will end up helping radicalized Republican Party and the fact that Obama is black. • Obama strategists’ confidence that he will not face an intra-party challenge from his left has allowed the president to focus, however inexpertly, on courting the center. They can point to polling that confirms their confidence. Gallop numbers for the final week of July show the president’s overall job approval at 42 percent, but among Democrats it was 77 percent and among liberal Democrats 83 percent. While his rating among whites was a dangerously low 36 percent, it was 83 percent among African Americans.

37. 附件(4) It’s still Obama’s Party (Continued) • Yet among political elites, when it comes to Obama’s policies, or to the deals that, however reluctantly, he approves, the most disapproving Democrats are the liberals. House Democrats split down the middle, 95 to 95, on the debt-ceiling deal, but while the Blue Dog Democratic caucus supported the deal 21 to 3, Democrats in the Congressional Black Caucus opposed it 24 to 16. • The litany of liberal grievances against the president breaks down into the sins of omission (failure to make a more compelling case for government’s ability to arrest economic decline at a time when the private sector has stopped producing jobs; failure to stop more foreclosures; failure to get a public option in the health-care bill; failure to take a stronger stand against Republican obstructionism --- and the list goes on) and the sins of commission (chiefly, his willingness during the debt negotiations with House Speaker John Boehner to raise the age of eligibility for Medicare and reduce Social Security benefits).

38. 附件(4) It’s still Obama’s Party (Continued) • The president’s defenders can rightly point to his indisputable progressive achievements; in the past week alone, he’s gotten automakers to agree to much higher fuel efficiency standards and put in place a policy of free contraceptives for women. They cite mitigating factors for the goals he’s failed to reach. • But the defenders of George H.W. Bush, Jimmy Carter and Lyndon Johnson could also point to their presidents’ achievements and attempt to explain away their failings. Obama retains a higher level of support from his base, though, than his primaried predecessors, even as he loses round after round with the Tea Partied Republicans, flirts with degrading the nation’s historic social insurance programs and unhappily presides over the worst economy since the Great Depression. He’s a little like a carton character who runs off the edge of a cliff but doesn’t fall --- at least, until he looks down. What’s keeping him up?

39. 附件(4) It’s still Obama’s Party (Continued) • Obama’s first anti-gravitation device is Democrats’ awareness that Republicans oppose him totally and routinely on virtually everything, denying him not merely victories but even semi-acceptable compromises. Trumping all other matters of policy, the GOP’s chief goal, as Mitch McConnell put it, is to deny Obama reelection. The depth and consistency of GOP opposition helps keep Obama aloft within his party, even as it also drags down the country. Fear of Republican fanaticism also renders Democrats reluctant to weaken Obama with a primary challenge that could make him less electable in November 2012. • The other reason Obama hasn’t faced a challenge, and isn’t likely to, is that he’s black. Any Democrat who would challenge Obama, whatever the basis of his or her candidacy, would almost surely encounter intense opposition from the party’s African American base, the one group in Democrats’ orbit that regularly votes Democratic at a 90 percent rate. Such a challenge could create a rift that might take decades to heal.

40. 附件(4) It’s still Obama’s Party (Continued) • Moreover, Obama’s election in 2008 validated one of the Democratic Party’s most fundamental achievements --- enactment of civil and voting rights legislation that made America a far more racially egalitarian nation. Any anti-Obama candidacy from within runs up against the justifiable sense of pride and historic vindication that Democrats took in Obama’s election. • The Democratic threat to Obama, then, won’t come in the primaries. It will come in the general election, when millions of voters who surged for Obama in 2008 --- disproportionately young and minority --- may stay home in silent referendum on Obama’s failure to fix a dysfunctional economy. Obama needs to figure out what to say and to do to rekindle their (and everyone else’s) hope. • ************************* End of Column ***************************

41. 附件 (5) Failure to report on Murdoch story shows what Fox News isn’t(An article appeared in South Bend Tribune on Sunday, July 24, 2011;written by Leonard Pitts Jr. who is a columnist for the Miami Herald.) • A few words on what Fox News is. The question has, of course, been debated forever. Fox says it is, as the name would suggest, a news network. Its critics say it is actually the propaganda arm of the Republican Party and that its highest loyalty is not to accuracy, fairness or other journalistic values but to the furtherance of the party line. Not that any sentient life form should need the help, but events have recently arranged themselves such as to make painfully obvious which view is truth and which is tripe. • As it happens, one of the biggest news stories of the past few weeks has been the phone hacking scandal that now ensnares media baron Rupert Murdoch’s News of World British tabloid routinely paid police sources for information and hacked into people’s cell phones, including that of a murdered 13-year-old girl. • That’s led to the shut-down of the 168-year-old news paper, a spate of resignations and arrests, hearings in Parliament, rumored hearings in Congress and criminal investigations here and in the UK. This story is a gift from the news gods, and news organization worthy of the name would jump on it like a trampoline. Most have. Fox has not.

42. 附件 (5) Fox News (Continued) • The PEW Research Center’s Project for Excellence in Journalism just surveyed reportage of the story in two time frames: July 6-8 and 11-15. In that period, according to Pew, CNN devoted almost 170 minutes to the story, MSNBC about 145. Fox? About 30. That bears repeating: One of the biggest stories of the summer gets, over the course of six days, a half-hour of attention from Fox “News”. • Now let us be fair and balanced here. Fox is owned by Murdoch, and last thing any news organization wants is to be in the awkward position of reporting on itself. To have to air that which might embarrass or damage colleagues or bosses is the definition of a no-win situation, especially since there will always be doubts, from within and without, about your ability to do so fairly. But when professionalism demands, that is what you do. • When CBS News’ report on President George W. Bush’s service in the Texas Air National Guard turned out to be credible, CBS reported it.

43. 附件 (5) Fox News (Continued) • When Jayson Blair hoodwinked and humiliated the New York Times, the New York Times reported it. • When NPR was mortified by a deceptively edited hidden camera sting, NPR reported it. • Fox’s failure to report --- and allow viewers to decide --- speaks volumes and offers definitive answer to the question of what Fox is. • It is the nation’s leading manufacturer of false outrage and fake fury --- War on Christmas! War on Christmas! --- the top supplier of bogeymen for those who need to feel terrorized in order to feel alive.

44. 附件 (5) Fox News (Continued) • It is America’s No 1 distributer of misinformation --- Hide Nana! The death panels are coming! --- a warehouse of conspiracy theories, junk history and dubious “facts” given credit by virtually no one who does not watch Fox. • It is a noisemaker, a box of cacophony from which reason will seldom emerge unscathed. And it is a bovine excreta machine. • But a news organization? No. That is a designation that you have to earn. • Step 1: Report the news. • ********************* End of Article *********************