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THE GREEN ENERGY the future of the world

THE GREEN ENERGY the future of the world. Crina Raluca Andrei Daniela Ştefania V îlcu Silvia Ioana Andrei. Content. 1. What is the green energy? 2. How do we get the green energy? 3.The green energy from more sources 4.Advantages of the green energy

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THE GREEN ENERGY the future of the world

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  1. THE GREEN ENERGY the future of the world Crina Raluca Andrei Daniela Ştefania Vîlcu Silvia Ioana Andrei

  2. Content 1. What is the green energy? 2. How do we get the green energy? 3.The green energy from more sources 4.Advantages of the green energy 5.Disadvantages of the green energy 6.The“ greenest“ countries in Europe 8.Romania and the green energy 9.”The Green House” Project 10.The Israeli make energy from the garbage near Bucharest 11.Romania attracts investors in the solar energy 12.Bulbs 13.Ecological Pedestrian Crossings 14.Bicycles in Bucharest 15.A trip to the museum 16.Verdis Project and school 149 17.A trip to the museum 18.Don’t forget! Music: Michael Jackson – “Earth Song”

  3. What is the Green Energy We often use the word "energy" to talk about "force" or "power." But other scientists talk about energy and call it "movement." So, if energy is moving, then each of us can produce energy. "Green Energy" is a term that refers to renewable and clean energy sources . Electricity generated from renewable sources is becoming more available and by choosing renewable energy sources , consumers can support the development of clean energy that will reduce the environmental impacts associated with conventional energy generation and will increase energy independence.

  4. The Wind Energy Until this century, the only used source of energy was the solar one. This is stored as chemical energy by photosynthesis process in regenerative sources (water, wood) or fossil fuels (coal, oil, gas) whose formation takes millions of years.  There are consumed large quantities of coal, oil, shale and hydrocarbon to obtain electricity. Because hydrocarbon reserves are rapidly depleted over the world, the electricity production based on coal will increase and the hydroelectric power will be used more than the electronuclear energy in the future. The wind energy is a renewable source of energy generated by the wind power. The winds are formed because the Sun doesn’t heats the Earth uniformly and there are created air movements. The strongest winds can be found at higher altitudes and in oceanic areas. Wind power is also an energy resource represented by a routine technique (the windmills), and top technology (systems provided by the new technology).There can be built a lot of systems like these.  The wind energy is a source of renewable energy generated from the wind power.

  5. The Wind Energy Even if it is still a minor source of Electricity for the most countries, the production of wind energy increased almost 5 times, between 1999 and 2006. In some countries, the share of wind energy in the total energy consumption was significantly: Denmark (23%), Spain (8%), Germany (6%). The wind energy is widely used today, and the new wind turbines are being built all over the world, (the wind energy has the fastest increase in the last years). The most turbines are generating energy more than 25% of the time. This percentage is increasing in winter, when winds are stronger. It is believed that the global technical potential of wind energy can provide five times more energy than it is consumed now.

  6. The Solar Energy The Sun is a inexhaustible natural energy provider. It is the source which our lifes depend on. But he has an increasingly important task as the main provider of our daily needed energy. The sun sends to earth a hudge stream of energy.  Unfortunately, the solar energy has several disadvantages: the concentration of solar energy is small, and its capture is difficult with high costs and it is unevevly distributed over the planet’s surface. The solar energy is captured by the solar panels. Compared with the delivered power and the life time, the necessary investment in photovoltaic panels is high. The panels need space convenient installation, and generated energy is available only at midday, when consumption is low, without a storage system (which, in turn, requires investment and maintenance).

  7. Waterpower Water Energy (seas and oceans) is represented by the form of mechanical and thermal energy: Marine currents can be found in the form of:• horizontal currents - due to prevailing winds• vertical currents - where the water goes up or down • marine currents - due to the movement of water on the planet 1.The tides - due to the month attraction 2. The surf – because of the solar radiation 3. The thermal energy - stored as heat. The water’s energy is stored by hydros. The hydropower is the ability of a physical system (water) to perform mechanical work to pass from a given state to another state (flow). Due to the water cycle in nature, the Sun energy is considered a form of renewable energy. The hydropower is actually a mechanical energy made of the potential water’s energy given by the difference between the level of the lake and centers, the kinetic energy of moving water. The exploitation of this hydroelectric energy is current, and converts the water’s potential energy into kinetic energy, which then picks up using a hydraulic turbine which actions electric generators that transforms it into electricity. The kinetic energy of waves and tides are considered forms of hydraulic energy too. The tide energy is the energy that can be captured by exploiting the potential energy from the vertical movement of the mass of water at different levels or the kinetic energy due to the tidal currents. The tide energy results from the gravitational forces of the Sun and Moon, and it is a result of the terrestrial rotation. The tide energy is a form of renewable energy.

  8. Waterpower The osmotic potential energy or the salinity gradient energy is the available energy from the difference theof salt concentration between the seawater and river water. It is a renewable energy. Two practical methods are the reverse electrolysis and the pressure retarded osmosis. Both processes rely on the osmosis with ion-specific membrane. The waste key product is the brackish water. This secondary product is the result of the natural forces, which are exploited: the flow of the fresh water into the sea water, which is composed of salty water. The processes have been confirmed in laboratory conditions. They are developed in the commercial use in Netherlands and Norway. The membrane’s cost was a barrier. The new, cheap membranes, based on an electric modified polyethylene plastic, made the processes suitable for commercial potentially use. The world's first osmotic plant with 4kW installed power was opened on 24th November 2009 in Tofte, Norway by Statkraft company.

  9. Geothermal energy The ground’s temperature is 3 ° C higher each hundred meters in depth, so that at a thousand meters depth we would have 30 ° C. We can imagine that the water pumped from depths of 2000 meters (in warmer areas) can give us the needed steam for very strong centrals. The geothermal energy is a form of energy obtained from the heat located inside the Earth. The hot water and the steam, trapped in areas of volcanic and tectonic activity, are used for heating homes and producing electricity.

  10. Biomass The coating plant produces biomass by photosynthesis. Being renewable, biomass’ energy is (theoretically) inexhaustible, as long as people does not rush the planet’s processes of desertification . The fuels (alcohol, methane gas, etc… ) can be obtained from the biomass which can be formed by wood waste, sugarcane, waste grain, etc .It should be grown plants with enormous productions (30-40 tons per hectare) to allow us to talk about the biomass. The biomass is the biodegradable fraction of the products, the wastes and the residues from agriculture, including vegetal and animal substances, forestry and related industries, as well as the biodegradable fraction of industrial and urban wastes. The biomass is the most abundant renewable resource on the planet. It includes absolutely all organic matter produced by metabolic processes of the living organisms. The biomass is the first form of energy used by humans, once the discovery of fire.

  11. Biomass Forms of energy recovery of biomass (biofuels): Direct burning with heat generation; Combustion of pyrolysis, with generation of sungas (CO + H2); Fermentation, with generation of biogas (CH4) or ethanol (CH3-CH2-OH) - if the sugar products are fermented, the biogas can be burned directly, and the bioethanol blend in gasoline, can be used in/for internal combustion engines; The chemical transformation of vegetable oil biomass by treating with alcohol and generating an ester, like methyl esters (biodiesel) and glycerol. For the next step, the purified biodiesel can be burnt in diesel engines; The enzymatic degradation of biomass to ethanol or biodiesel production. Cellulose can be degraded enzymatically to its monomers, carbohydrate derivatives, which can then be fermented to ethanol.

  12. Advantages The Wind Energy: The wind energy is friendly to the environment, as no fossil fuels are burnt to generate electricity from wind energy.  The wind turbines take up less space than the average power station. Windmills only have to occupy a few square meters and this allows the land around the turbine to be used for many other purposes, for example agriculture. Wind turbines are a great resource to generate energy in remote locations, such as mountain communities and remote countryside. Wind turbines can be a range of different sizes in order to support varying population levels. Another advantage of the wind energy is that combined with solar electricity, this energy source is great for developed and developing countries to provide a steady, reliable supply of electricity.

  13. Advantages Solar Energy: The panels are easy to install; The Solar System is totally clean(it is not a pollution source); It works for a long time (over 20 years); There is no danger of fire or explosions; It ensures the needed hot water all the year long, using a combination with another heat source in winter and reducing energy consumption costs by approximately 65%. They are extending the life of existing home heating system (it is not necessary to use the conventional heating from April to November); Operating and maintenance costs are minimal. After the initial investment has been recovered, the energy from the sun is practically FREE. The Solar energy does not require any fuel. Once installed, there are no recurrent costs.

  14. Advantages Waterpower: Hydropower have a high efficiency, a high durability and the price is reduced; They don’t pollute the environment. Geothermal energy: The resulting energy is clean for the environment and it is renewable; Geothermal plants are not affected by the weather conditions or by the differences between night and day The geothermal energy is cheaper than the one resulted from fossil fuels. Biomass: Biomass is an innovative source of energy that is regenerated; Availability is safe in case of crisis; It doesn’t lead to high transport costs and causes ecological catastrophe.

  15. Disadvantages The Wind Energy: HAWT (Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine) efficiency decreases with the height of the tower where they are installed because of wind’s turbulence; HAWT turbines are difficult to install and require cranes and skilled people; Horizontal axis turbines have a negative impact on the countryside; Tall turbines near radars can obstruct air bases; Tall towers and long bladed propellers are difficult to carry, sometimes the cost of transport is 20% of the equipment itself; They must be installed on a flat surface; Most parts of VAWT turbines are placed at the bottom, so changing them requires dismantling the whole structure. The main disadvantage regarding wind power is down to the winds unreliability factor. In many areas, the winds strength is too low to support a wind turbine or wind farm, and this is where the use of solar power or geothermal energy could be great alternatives. Wind turbines generally produce allot less electricity than the average fossil fuelled power station, requiring multiple wind turbines to be built in order to make an impact. Wind turbine construction can be very expensive and costly to surrounding wildlife during the build process. The noise pollution from commercial wind turbines is sometimes similar to a small jet engine. This is fine if you live miles away, where you will hardly notice the noise, but what if you live within a few hundred meters of a turbine? This is a major disadvantage.  The acquisition with the solar panels and the heat pumps is more costly and can increase the cost of the construction by at least 10%. The disaster risks are higher because the panels are exposed to almost everything.

  16. Disadvantages Solar Energy: One of the main disadvantages is the initial cost of the equipment used to harness the suns energy. Solar energy technologies still remain a costly alternative to the use of readily available fossil fuel technologies. The costs for achieving thermal insulation and heating systems are higher than for other classes . As the price of solar panels decreases, we are likely to see an increase in the use of solar cells to generate electricity. A solar energy installation requires a large area for the system to be efficient in providing a source of electricity. This may be a disadvantage in areas where space is short, or expensive (such as inner cities). Pollution can be a disadvantage to the solar panels, as pollution can degrade the efficiency of photovoltaic cells. Clouds also provide the same effect, as they can reduce the energy of the suns rays. This certain disadvantage is more of an issue with older solar components, as newer designs integrate technologies to overcome the worst of these effects. Solar energy is only useful when the sun is shining. During the night, your expensive solar equipment will be useless, however the use of solar battery chargers can help to reduce the effects of this disadvantage. The acquisition with the solar panels and the heat pumps is more costly and can increase the cost of the construction by at least 10%. The disaster risks are higher because the panels are exposed to almost everything.

  17. Disadvantages Waterpower: The dams are extremely expensive to build and must be built to a very high standard, so they must operate for many decades to become profitable. The flooding of large areas of land means that the natural environment is destroyed and people who are living there must move out, losing their farms and businesses The building of large dams can cause serious geological damage. For example, the building of the Hoover Dam in the USA triggered a number of earth quakes and has depressed the earth’s surface at its location. Although modern planning and design of dams is good, in the past old dams have been known to be breached (the dam gives under the weight of water in the lake). This has led to deaths and flooding. Dams built blocking the progress of a river in one country usually means that the water supply from the same river in the following country is out of their control. This can lead to serious problems between neighbor countries. Building a large dam alters the natural water table level. For example, the building of the Aswan Dam in Egypt has altered the level of the water table. This is slowly leading to damage of many of its ancient monuments as salts and destructive minerals are deposited in the stone work from ‘rising damp’ caused by the changing water table level.

  18. Disadvantages Geothermal energy: Geothermal activity is not always so faithful. Sometimes the geothermal activity takes a rest. It will be constant for several years and then stop for a few months. Hence, not all areas offer faithful heating resources. You cannot transport geothermal energy. I used to live in the coal region of Pennsylvania. For years coal trucks used to drive by our front door hauling Anthracite coal to home and industries. Biomass: Biomass produces greenhouse emissions. The biggest argument against biomass is that it produces carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases. It takes more energy to plant, cultivate and harvest the crops and trees than it is worth to get a net energy gain. It also takes up more water from the earth and other fossil fuels to make the fertilizers and fuels for planting and harvesting. It also, supposedly, takes up more land for the crops and trees.

  19. Green Energy in the European Countries NETHERLANDSNetherland is a new residential neighborhood in Amsterdam it is the largest photovoltaic system integration project in an urban area. The objective was to provide 20 square meters of photovoltaic panel for each apartment. The project includes more than 500 buildings (houses, schools, sports centers and state institutions). NORWAY Norway intends to be a country that will no longer use coal deposits by 2030. That means it will not emit greenhouse gases at all. In addition, Norway has decided to use lots of money in searching to discover new eco-friendly fuels. Those who continue to use diesel fuel will have to pay higher taxes for the environment.  SWEDENWhile the rest of the world is faced with fluctuating prices of gasoline, Sweden plans to stop using fossil fuels until 2020. Their efforts began in the '80s, from the time of the oil crisis, and now 28% of the energy used in Sweden is renewable and eco-friendly. The country has focused on using the hydropower, nuclear power and wind to get the electricity and other necessities.  The Swedes have the ecology in their blood. They have a summer air-conditioned hospital with the snow from the winter, and air-conditioned offices with seawater. Their military trucks and forestry tractors have hybrid engines. The E14 motorway, which crosses Sweden, will become the "Green Highway", after it would be equipped with biogas power stations with ethanol, diesel from rape and electricity. SWITZERLANDSwitzerland has a rich history of eco-friendly attitudes. The cars are banned and only cycling and walking are allowed in some cities. The country has imposed a fee for the garbage throwing, even if it is symbolic (just one euro). There are also paid the waste treatment services. The hotels are friendly with the environment here too. For example, a very popular hotel in Switzerland, Badrutt's Palace Hotel, offers discounts to the guests who arrive by a hybrid car. To show their efforts of supporting the environment, the hotel owners have installed an eco-friendly heating system that draws its energy from the nearby lake, as do many hotels and even schools from Switzerland.

  20. The Greenest Countries in Europe The Reader’s Digest magazine realized a table of „the Greenest Countries in Europe” taking into account the green index, based on 5 indicators that measure the countries’ ecological performances. The indices the table was based on were: EPI- Environmental Performance Index (invented by the Universities from Yale and Colombia). HPI- Happy Planet Index (it measures the degree to which the resources used in each country is reflected in a happy life). CCPI- Climate Change Performance Index (The basis of this indicator are the emissions of greenhouse gases such as CO2 and efficiency of the governments’ policies on climate change). BIODIV- Biodiversity RES- Renewable Energy Systems Sweden has the most ambitious „green strategy” in Europe, as half of its production of energy would be renewable in 2030. The cars won’t use gasoline and diesel anymore and the country won’t emit any CO2 in 2050. Sweden has more than 5.000 producing clean energy companies.

  21. Romania and the Green Energy Romania can consider the summer of 2010as a very important moment for the country’s transformation in one of the most important states in Europe for the renewable energy. There are some obstacles too, but there are 2 events that tell us that our country, fed with coal for a long time, is ready to practice its potential of using green energies. The first wind turbines had appeared at Fantanele in July 2010 and they will be the biggest wind park in Europe together with the other project from Cogealac. The Parliament has voted a new law to promote the renewable energy in July. The renewable energy producers are very happy because of the project’s sizes.

  22. The Green House Project The project about the heating systems that use renewable energy installation, including the replacement or the completion of the classical heating systems, is known „The Green House” project and will be started. The purpose of this program is the improvement of the air’s, the water’s and the soil’s quality by reducing the pollution rank (caused by the wood’s burning and the fossil fuels used for the heat production and for getting hot water) and the encouraging the population to adopte the systems that use renewable clean energy sources. The program is addressed only to individuals and it consists of granting some money for the solar panels’ and the heating pumps’ installation, and for some installations that can produce heat based on briquettes, wood and any kind of agricultural, forest and vegetable waste. Only people that have the place of residence and live in Romania can apply to the project. They are obliged to be the owner of the house they want to make it clean and ecological and they don’t have to be outstanding. People who want to apply to this project are not allowed to do activities with negative effects for the environment. The financing contracts for the interested persons could be made starting August 2010. The allocated budget for the previous year was about 110 million lei. It was spent half of this amount and there were laid down 8.727 funding files.

  23. The Israeli make energy from garbage near Bucharest An Israeli company will make an ecological pit for the garbade round Bucharest and it will make a system for the waste transformation, with the posibility of producing green energy or oil. The Adama Technologies Corp’s project consists in the capturing of the gas from the ecological pits . First, the ecological pit will colect about 750000 tones of solid waste per year. The executive director of the company said that there are demands for carbon certificates in Europe and Romania has a big absence of energy, so they will try to make a bundle between the buyers and the sellers. The project will generate minimum 30000 dollars per day and 10 million dollars in the first year of activity.

  24. Romania Attracts Investors in the Solar Energy Romania begins to be more and more active for the investors in the solar energy as the first projects appeared in the west part of our country. The copanies have already the town planning certificate for the project that will cover 86 hectares. There will be built another solar park in the same area, but it will only cover 20 hectares. One installed MW of photovoltaic panels, which produce electricity, costs between 3 and 4 millions euro. So, the investment could overcome 125 millions euro for the project that will have 32 MW from Timis. The photovoltaic park will be one of the first 15 in Europe, depending on its capacity (the biggest one in in Spain and it has 80MW).

  25. Bulbs Even if the incandescent light bulb has lit the humanity for over 100 years, its future is dark because of its big registered consumption. Another reason for the people who prefer the economic bulbs is the exponential increasing of the electric energy’s price. Although they are more expensive, they have some advantages too. The United Nations Organization (UNO) upholds that incandescent bulbs should be banned all over the world because they are not energy efficient. UNO had prepared a report based on this subject and presented it at the lecture about the climatic changes. They shown that if each country would replace the incandescent bulbs with energy efficient ones, the global demand of electricity would be reduced by more than 2%, and the diminution would be equivalent to a reduction of 800 million tones of carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere. The document gives the example of the European Union, where the incandescent bulbs of 75 watts and 100 watts are already banned.

  26. Ecological Pedestrian Crossings The City Hall had installed 64 „smart” pedestrian crossings on some very dangerous streets in Bucharest. The pedestrian crossings have already solar panels and bright optic indicators that light when people want to cross the street. The drivers won’t have any excuse and they will have to give priority to the pedestrians. The pedestrian crossings will be full of road signs with photoelectric cells that sense when somebody approaches and triggers a bright system on the pedestrian crossing. This system is powered by solar energy from two panels situated on the top of each column, having their batteries buried in asphalt.

  27. Bicycles in Bucharest The major of the 1st district wants to realize, as an experimental project, the first bicycle parking, in front of one of the most populated buildings in Bucharest, The House of Free Mass media. He wants to extend this project for all the capital, but he wants to make an experiment, to observe if the bicycle parking is successful. The major said that the parking aren’t expensive and he wants the 1st district to have the most bicycle parking. This action was started as a result of the very successful centers of renting bicycles for free, organised by the Green Revolution association. These centers are located in two parks and 25.000 people have used them until now. Bucharest has some runways for bicycles too. They are not very advanced but they can offer an idea about the routes and the places where bicycles can be ridden. The cyclist can ride his bike almost everywhere in Bucharest but there were arranged some places with special runways too. Unfortunately, there are some areas where cyclists are not allowed.

  28. A day at the museum Our school started a new study trip, on 27th of November 2010. Some students that worked for Comenius project met the teachers just near the underground and we all went to the “Vasile Grigore” Museum. It is one of the first museums in our country that tries to use the green energy. The manager presented us the trials of the museum for being an ecological building. The artist gave the house, the paints and his collections to the Romanian state in 2003, so it is a young museum. The manager showed us a PowerPoint presentation. It contained a lot of very interesting information about bulbs ( the incandescent bulbs and the ecological ones)and he told us that even if at the beginning, it is a bit expensive, they are trying to replace all the incandescent bulbs with ecological ones. At this moment they have halogen bulbs above and in front of the master`s paints. They replaced the old power station that was consuming a lot with a new ecological one. The employees of the museum are separating the garbage and they are giving the old electric and electronic devices to a recycling center. The museum and the people who are implicated and want to change something in the world, are ready to help the schools that are trying to teach students the most important things about the green energy and about ecology. So, they are offering their support for the Comenius Project. It`s very good that there are some institutions in Romania that try to keep a clean environment. We all enjoyed the trip to the museum very much.

  29. “Verdis” Project and school 149 Verdis is an educational project started by “MaiMultVerde” (“More Green”) in collaboration with Eco Tic Association. They tried to convince the students from the secondary schools about the benefits of the selective collecting and recycling waste. The little environmentalists were awarded for the over 100 tones of waste they raised. The students of five schools from Bucharest, Brasov, Cluj, Galati and Iasi are the finalists of the Verdis project. Competitive and serious, the children were an example of responsibility for the members of the communities they came from. The winning schools were awarded with 1000 euro by the Eco Tic Association. The schools that participated at the final stage:l The school number 149, Bucharest The National College „Andrei Şaguna”, Brasov The school „Nicolae Titulescu”, Cluj The school number 22 „Dimitrie Cantemir”, Galati The school number 8 „Carmen Sylva”, Iasi

  30. “Verdis” Project and school 149 The quantities raised by children during 4 months, have achieved impressive numbers: they gathered over 66 tones of paper, 12 tones of plastic and 22 tones of WEEE (Waste Electric and Electronic Equipment). They conceived and organized information and publicity campaigns round their schools. The students from our school shared a questionnaire about the environment that had 391respondents. The other schools from Bucharest and the School 149 made Easter cards, trinkets and exhibitions of drawings from recyclable items. The students involved with enthusiasm in the accountability of the local community distributing informative materials to the blocks around the school. The 245 students with special needs from the Special School number 6 „Saint Nicholas” have built a house made of waste in the school’s yard and they decorated it with ecological messages. Moreover, the schools involved in this project had functioned as centers where interested people could bring waste and the quantities involved considerably.

  31. Let’s“green” the world!

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