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How to Navigate this Presentation This is hidden during Slide Show Mode

How to Navigate this Presentation This is hidden during Slide Show Mode. Title Slide. Notes: The left hand column is the 11 main slides The blue boxes and bi-directional arrows denote go/return hyperlinks to more information on each of the topics in the boxes to the right

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How to Navigate this Presentation This is hidden during Slide Show Mode

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  1. How to Navigate this Presentation This is hidden during Slide Show Mode Title Slide • Notes: • The left hand column is the 11 main slides • The blue boxes and bi-directional arrows denote go/return hyperlinks to more information on each of the topics in the boxes to the right • Each hyperlinked box on the right contains a table of contents to the particular addenda with its own go/return hyperlinks between it and the table of contents. • The hyperlinks are located just above the EPRI logo (as shown here) as either More… or …Back 21st Century Challenge China Factoid Boundary Conditions The Solution The Vision Concept Nuclear…More Nuclear Power SuperCable…More Hydricity SuperCable Hydrogen…More Hydricity Economy EPRI…More EPRI SG Initiative Proverbs hyperlinks

  2. The Energy SuperGrid (Executive Briefing) For: By:

  3. The 21st Century Energy Challenge Design a communal energy economy to meet the needs of a densely populated industrialized world that reaches all corners of Planet Earth. Accomplish this within the highest levels of environmental, esthetic, safe, reliable, efficient and secure engineering practice possible. …without requiring any new scientific discoveries or breakthroughs!

  4. China “Factoid” • Current Population: 1.3 Billion Souls • All want to live like Americans • Chinese Family Priorities: • (1) TV, (2) Washer, (3) Fridge… • Next an Air Conditioner (200 USD, 1 kW) • Assume an average family size of three, then… An extra 500 GW of generation capacity must be added just to keep them cool!

  5. “Boundary Conditions” • Givens • Energy Efficiency • Recycle Everything • Off-the-Table: Eco-invasive Power Generation • All Fossils (CO2 –forced climate change) • Carbon Sequestration • Baseline Renewables • Massive “Farms” – Wind, Solar, Biomass • On-the-Table • Nuclear Fission Baseline Generation • Underground Energy Transmission Corridors • Solar Roofs • Urban/Agro Biomass

  6. The Solution A Symbiosis of Nuclear/Hydrogen/Superconductivity Technologies supplying Carbon-free, Non-Intrusive Energy for all Inhabitants of Planet Earth SuperGrids & SuperCities

  7. School School H H Home Home Supermarket Supermarket 2 2 Family Car Family Car Nuclear Nuclear plant plant H H DNA DNA - - to to - - order.com order.com 2 2 HTSC/MgB HTSC/MgB 2 2 The Vision Concept • Nuclear Power can generate both electricity and hydrogen – “Hydricity” • Hydricity can be distributed in underground pipelines like natural gas • The infrastructure can take the form of a SuperGrid • …or aSuperCity

  8. Gen IV High Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactors can make electricity the old fashioned way by spinning turbines Or with heat drawn from the reactor…2H2O → 2H2 + O2 Using its own electricity outputto perform electrolysis…2H2O → 2H2 + O2 900 C Implementation HTGCR Nuclear Power • The same reactor can make hydrogen from water in two ways… More…

  9. Flowing liquid hydrogen or cold H2 gas under pressure delivers power and also serves as the refrigerant to … Enable the transmission of large amounts of electric power losslessly using superconductors I I Thermal Insulation Electrical Insulation Enclosed in underground tunnel or trench Implementation The Hydricity SuperCable Dual Delivery of Hydrogen and Electric Power More…

  10. Hydrogen for: Electricity for: ImplementationThe Hydricity Economy • Personal Transportation • Storage of Electricity • Industrial Thermal/Chemical Processing • Residential/Commercial Heating - Just about everything else! More…

  11. The EPRI SuperGrid Initiative • Promote public awareness and acceptance of the symbiosis between nuclear, hydrogen and superconductivity as the optimal long term national energy technology strategy • Enlist the aid and alignment of energy policy and programmatic institutions within Federal and State governments toward this end. • Encourage the focus of the nation’s intellectual assets…national academies, universities and national laboratories…on the three major SuperGrid technologies and the interface between each, and to evaluate the sociological as well as technical issues that will arise as they are deployed. • On behalf of EPRI’s constituency, undertake and support demonstration of selected SuperGrid component technologies. More…

  12. The Energy SuperGrid Where there is no vision, the people perish… Proverbs 29:18 (1000 BCE)

  13. SuperGrid Executive PresentationSupplemental Material • Nuclear Power • Superconductivity • Hydrogen • The EPRI Program

  14. Nuclear Power Back to Supplemental

  15. Nuclear Power • Diablo Canyon Wind Farm • Particle/Pebble Nuclear Fuel • HTGCR (High Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactors) • What is a Pebble Bed Reactor? (MIT) • ESKOM Pebble Bed Modular Reactor • Co-Production of Hydrogen and Electricity • Reprocessing at Rokkosho • Breeder Reactor Technology • Internationally Monitored Retrieval Storage System (IMRSS) Back…

  16. Diablo Canyon & Wind Power “Equivalent” …Back

  17. Diablo Canyon 2200 MW Power Plant 5 Miles NuclearPowerCalifornia Coast Power Wind Farm Equivalent …Back

  18. Particle/Pebble Nuclear Fuel “Pebble” “TRISO” …Back

  19. High Temperature Gas Cooled Reactor …Back

  20. What is a Pebble Bed Reactor (MIT)? • 360,000 pebbles in core • about 3,000 pebbles handled in FHS every day • about 350 pebbles discarded daily • one pebble discharged every 30 seconds • average pebble cycles through core 15 times • fuel-handling most intensive part of plant http://web.mit.edu/pebble-bed/ …Back

  21. Eskom Pebble Bed Modular Reactor • Helium gas cooled (Brayton Cycle) • Won’t melt down • Direct turbine drive • “Baseball” packaged fuel • Continuous fuel replenishment and removal • Theoretical 100% availability • Modular Design • Scalable: 100 – 500 MW units • High safety and security factor • Economical • 1.2 cents/kWh … cheaper than coal http://www.eskom.co.za/nuclear_energy/pebble_bed/pebble_bed.html …Back

  22. Reactor Vessel O2 Source: INEL & General Atomics Co-Production of Hydrogen and Electricity …Back

  23. Source: General Atomics Nuclear “Hydricity” Production Farm Hydrogen StorageGenerated Electricity HydrogenStorage …Back

  24. Reprocessing “Spent” Fuel …Back

  25. JNFL Rokkasho Reprocessing Plant • $20 B, 5 Year Project • 800 mt U/yr • 1 mt U -> 50 kg HLW http://www.jnfl.co.jp/english/contact/visitor-center.html …Back

  26. Fast Breeder Technologies http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/nucene/reactor.html#c5 …Back

  27. IMRSS • Internationally Monitored Retrievable Storage System (a proposal by Chauncey Starr) • Take control of all material exiting cooling ponds • Provide transportation to (a few) storage locations • Use “banking” paradigm • Title remains with nation of origin • Withdrawal allowed for recycling or burial • All activity monitored by IAEA • Financed by nuclear industry per MWh charge on participating nations http://www.cosmos-club.org/journals/1996/carter.html …Back

  28. Hydricity SuperCables Back to Supplemental

  29. Hydricity Delivery Circuits SuperCable Monopole Relative Power Flows 1000 MWe/500 MWh Radiative Thermal Losses Heat Removal SuperCable Monopole (Alt) 5 GWe/10 GWh (Alternative) Hydricity Scaling Factor SuperCable Hydrogen Storage Hydrogen Energy Density Supercritical H2 SuperCable Supercritical H2 SuperCable (Alt) Hydrogen Fluid Properties Fluid Friction Losses US Natural Gas Imports Electricity Generation by Source Canadian World View Mackenzie Valley Gas Pipeline MVP Specifications Natural Gas End Use Gas Pipeline Construction LNG SuperCable Wellhead LNG + Electricity It’s 2030 American Pipedream Hydricity SuperCables Back…

  30. +v I I -v H2 H2 H2 H2 Circuit #1 “Hydricity” SuperCables:“Proton/Electron Power (PEP) to the People” +v I I -v Multiple circuits can be laid in single trench Circuit #2 Back…

  31. SuperCable Monopole HV Insulation tsc “Super-Insulation” DH2 Superconductor DO Flowing Hydrogen Back…

  32. Electricity PSC = 2|V|JASC, where PSC = Electric power flow V = Voltage to neutral (ground) J = Supercurrent density ASC = Cross-sectional area of superconducting annulus Hydrogen PH2 = 2(QρvA)H2, where PH2 = Chemical power flow Q = Gibbs H2 oxidation energy (2.46 eV per mol H2) ρ = H2 Density v = H2 Flow Rate A = Cross-sectional area of H2 cryotube Relative Power Flows Back…

  33. Electricity Power (MW) Voltage (V) Current (A) Critical Current Density (A/cm2) Annular Wall Thickness (cm) 1000 +/- 5000 100,000 25,000 0.125 Hydrogen (LH2, 20 K) Power (MW) Inner Pipe Diameter, DH2 (cm) H2 Flow Rate (m/sec) “Equivalent” Current Density (A/cm2) 500 10 3.81 318 Electricity (1000 MW) & Hydrogen (500 MW) Back…

  34. Thermal Losses Radiation Losses WR = 0.5εσ (T4amb – T4SC), where WR = Power radiated in as watts/unit area σ = 5.67×10-12 W/cm2K4 Tamb = 300 K TSC = 20 K ε = 0.05 per inner and outer tube surface DSC = 10 cm WR = 3.6 W/m Superinsulation: WRf = WR/(n-1), where n = number of layers  Target: WRf = 0.5 W/m requires ~10 layers  Other addenda (convection, conduction): WA = 0.5 W/m  WT = WRf + WA = 1.0 W/m Back…

  35. Heat Removal dT/dx = WT/(ρvCPA)H2, where dT/dx = Temp rise along cable, K/m WT = Thermal in-leak per unit Length ρ = H2 Density v = H2 Flow Rate CP = H2 Heat Capacity A = Cross-sectional area of H2 cryotube Take WT = 1.0 W/m, then dT/dx = 1.8910-5 K/m, Or, 0.2 K over a 10 km distance Back…

  36. SuperCable Monopole (Alternative) Back…

  37. Power Flows: 5 GWe/10 GWh Back…

  38. Hydricity Scaling Factor Dimensionless, geometry-independent scaling factor defines relative amounts of electricity/hydrogen power flow in the SuperCable: “Pressure” “Energy Density” Back…

  39. SuperCable H2 Storage One Raccoon Mountain = 13,800 cubic meters of LH2 LH2 in 10 cm diameter, 250 mile bipolar SuperCable = Raccoon Mountain Back…

  40. Hydrogen Mass-Density Energy Content H2 Gas at 77 K and 1850 psia has 50% of the energy content of liquid H2and 100% at 6800 psia Back…

  41. Electrical Insulation “Super-Insulation” Liquid Nitrogen @ 77 K Superconductor Supercritical Hydrogen @ 77 K 1000 – 7000 psia Supercritical H2 SuperCable Back…

  42. HV Insulation HV Insulation “ “ Super Super - - Insulation” Insulation” Flowing Flowing High Pressure High Pressure D Hydrogen Gas Hydrogen Gas H Al “core” of Al “core” of diameter D diameter D C C wound with wound with D O HTSC tape HTSC tape Al Al t t s s thick thick Superconductor Superconductor “Conductor” “Conductor” Flowing liquid Flowing liquid N N cryogen in cryogen in 2 2 flexible tube, flexible tube, diameter D diameter D N N Supercritical H2 SuperCable (Alternative) Back…

  43. Fluid Properties Comparison of Liquid to Gaseous Hydrogen Transporting 500 MWt in a 10-cm Diameter Pipe Thus, it takes only 0.5 dynes “push” on an object with the above Reynolds Numbers on the gas to overcome viscous forces exerted by the given fluid Back…

  44. Fluid Friction Losses Wloss = M Ploss /  , Where M = mass flow per unit length Ploss = pressure loss per unit length  = fluid density Back…

  45. US Natural Gas Imports (BCF – 2003) Back…

  46. Electricity Generation by Primary Source Back…

  47. A Canadian’s View of the World Back…

  48. The Mackenzie Valley Pipeline http://www.mackenziegasproject.com 1220 km 18 GW-thermal 2006 - 2009 Back…

  49. MVP Specs Back…

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