1 / 24

Recent developments in the study of transport in random networks

Recent developments in the study of transport in random networks. Shai Carmi Bar-Ilan University Havlin group. Minerva meeting Eilat, March 2009. Networks. Why do we care about networks? Networks appear everywhere: Communication (Internet, p2p,…) Transportation (roads, airlines,…).

pia
Download Presentation

Recent developments in the study of transport in random networks

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript


  1. Recent developments in the study of transport in random networks Shai CarmiBar-Ilan UniversityHavlin group Minerva meetingEilat, March 2009

  2. Networks • Why do we care about networks? • Networks appear everywhere: • Communication (Internet, p2p,…) • Transportation (roads, airlines,…). • Social sciences (social networks, business relations,…) • Life sciences (gene regulation, food webs,…)

  3. Transport in networks • Networks are commonly used as a platform for transport of:* Information (communication and social networks)* Passengers and commodities (transportation networks)* Current (electric circuits)* Diseases (social networks) • Quantities of interest:* Time to reach target * Maximal capacity * Number of links crossed * Congestion and avalanches* Load at each node * Diffusion coefficients

  4. Network models • Most naïve model: a regular lattice.* Only good for purely spatial, local, interactions. • Erdos-Renyi (ER) network model: fully random.* Fixed number of nodes N, each link exists with probability p.* Narrow degree distribution: where k is node degree. • Scale-free (SF) networks: emergence of hubs.* Broad degree distribution: * Nodes with extremely high degree exist (hubs).* Other ingredients possible, e.g., growth, correlations.* Found to describe most real-world systems.

  5. Transport models: outline • Random walk with priorities. • Random walk with trapping. • Maximum flow.

  6. Transport models • Random walk with priorities. • Random walk with trapping. • Maximum flow.

  7. Motivation • Some communication networks use random walkto search for other computers or spread information. • Some data packets have higher priority than others. • How does priority policy affect the diffusion in the network?

  8. A B Model definition • Two species of particles, A and B with densities ρA and ρB. • A is high priority, B is low priority. • Symmetric random walk (nearest neighbors). • Protocols • B can move only after all the A’s in its site have already moved. • If motion is impossible, choose again. Site protocol: A site is randomly chosen and sends a particle. Particle protocol: A particle is randomly chosen and jumps out.

  9. Solution in lattices • Write a Markov chain for the number of particles in a site. • Solve for the stationary probabilities. • Derive analytically the fraction of empty sites in both protocols. • Diffusion is normal: <R2>=Dt. • Apply the site protocol selection rule and find D for each species. • In the particle protocol define r as the fraction of free B's to total B’s.independent of ρB and approaches for large densities. • Derive diffusion coefficients similarly.

  10. Solution in networks • In the particle protocol: or, the probability of a site to be empty decreases exponentially with its degree. • In scale-free networks, A’s move freely, and tend to aggregate at the hubs. • Therefore, B’s at the hubs have very low probability to escape. • Since the B’s themselves are attracted to the hubs, they eventually become trapped and their motion is arrested. • Time for a B to leave a site of degree k . • Waiting time distribution → sub-diffusion. Lattice, ER Average waiting time for B particles. Real Internet Distribution of waiting times for B particles. SF SF,ER

  11. Transport models • Random walk with priorities. • Random walk with trapping. • Maximum flow.

  12. Motivation • Consider again a random walk process in a network. • In a communication or a social network, a message can disappear; for example, due to failure. • How long will the message survive before being trapped?

  13. Model definition • Particles initially evenly distributed over the network. • Symmetric random walk (nearest neighbors). • m of the nodes are absorbing. • Whenever the particle reaches the trap it is absorbed. • What is the survival probability ρ(t)?

  14. A simple theory • Denote the total number of links entering the traps by km. • The total number of links is N<k>. • Thus, the probability per unit time of a particle to enter the trap is approximately proportional to km /N<k>. • , and the problem is reduced to evaluating km for different topologies. • In ER networks:- Approximation is good when . - Explicit dependence on both m and N. • For dense enough SF networks:-kmin is the minimum degree (one trap).

  15. Results • The average time before trapping T usually scales as N. • In SF networks when one of the hubs is a trap -Only for infinite γ SF and ER networks are equivalent. • SF networks become less vulnerable as links are added. • For ER networks A=1-1/<k>. • Conclusion:A simple mean-field approach is usually useful to solve trapping problem in networks, and leads to interesting observations. Theory- linesSimulation- symbols ER

  16. Transport models • Random walk with priorities. • Random walk with trapping. • Maximum flow.

  17. Motivation • Users in communication networks (e.g., peer-to-peer) wish to exchange files by sending them through the network links. • How many users can exchange files without interfering with each other? • What is the maximum capacity of the network for a given number of users?

  18. Model definition • Assume the network contains n sources and n sinks. • Consider three types of transport:* Maximum flow (= #of parallel paths)* Electric current* Multi-commodity flow • Non directed,non weighted(unit capacities/resistances). nSinks nSources S1 T2 Multi-commodity flow Regular flow Rest of network S2 T1

  19. Theory for small n • For a single source/sink pair with degrees k1 and k2, F≈min(k1,k2). • For small n, replace k1 by the total number of links leaving the sources, and similarly for k2. • The distribution of flows is:* For ER networks:* For SF networks: • Flow per user increases with n up tothe optimal number of usersabove which the approximation is invalid. Small n theory Simulations

  20. Theory for large n F1 • A different approach is needed:Find the total flow by conditioning on the number of paths of a given length. • F = F1 + F2 + F3 + … • I ≈ F1/1 + F2/2 + F3/3 + … • For direct linkage, <F1>=n2p. Implicit sum formulas for <F2>, <F3>. Sources Sinks F2 F3 ER networks Theory- linesSimulation- symbols

  21. Multi-commodity flow • Flow from a source is directed towards specific sink. Thus the contribution of the different source/sink pairs can be separated. • Result for ER network: where kn is the effective degree of the network when n pairs communicate. • The network will saturate at the percolation threshold, when and thus . • In SF networks the absence of percolation threshold leads to increased capacity. Small n approximation

  22. Summary • Transport in networks is important and interesting. • We introduced models inspired by problems in real networks. • We used probability theory and computer simulations to obtain analytical an numerical solutions. • Deep relations between network structure and dynamics were uncovered. For example:* Halting of low priority particles in highly connected nodes.* Effect of failure in hubs on particle survival probability.* Optimal number of users in flow network.* Influence of inter-node distance on electrical current.* Interplay between percolation theory and maximal network flow.

  23. Collaborators • My advisor: Prof. Shlomo Havlin, Bar Ilan Univ., Israel. • Other collaborators: Prof. Daniel ben-Avraham (Clarkson Univ., NY, USA)Prof. Panos Argyrakis (Aristotle Univ., Thessaloniki, Greece)Prof. H. Eugene Stanley (Boston Univ., MA, USA). Shlomo Dani Panos Gene

  24. Thank you for your attention! See also: • M. Maragakis, S. Carmi, D. ben-Avraham, S. Havlin, and P. Argyrakis. "Priority diffusion model in lattices and complex networks". Phys. Rev. E (RC) 77, 020103 (2008). • S. Carmi, Z. Wu, S. Havlin, and H. E. Stanley. "Transport in networks with multiple sources and sinks". Europhys. Lett. 84, 28005 (2008) . • A. Kittas, S. Carmi, S. Havlin, and P. Argyrakis. "Trapping in complex networks“. Europhys. Lett. 84, 40008 (2008).

More Related