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Women, Careers and Culture

Women, Careers and Culture. China & India: Developing Nations . CULTURE. WHY DO WE NEED TO UNDERSTAND DIFFERENT CULTURES AND THE DIFFERENCES?. WORLD IS GOING GLOBAL. US is such a diverse place:

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Women, Careers and Culture

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  1. Women, Careers and Culture China & India: Developing Nations

  2. CULTURE

  3. WHY DO WE NEED TO UNDERSTAND DIFFERENT CULTURES AND THE DIFFERENCES? WORLD IS GOING GLOBAL US is such a diverse place: Indian Americans are the third largest Asian American ethnic group today, following Chinese Americans and Filipino Americans

  4. Women, Careers and Culture Factors influencing girl’s career choices : Family is one of the most influential contexts of socialization in childhood and adolescence (Dryler, 1998).

  5. CHINA

  6. CHINA • Total Population 1.3bn 1st (2010) • Male 51.27%; Female 48.73% (2010) • Literacy Rate (2010) • Total population: 95.92% • Male: 95.1% • Female: 86.5% • Marriage Rate: 6.3/1,000 population (2006) • Divorce Rate: 1/5 couple, Total 1.7m (2009)

  7. CHINESE WOMEN AT WORKPLACE • 46.7% women in workplace • 37% women as breadwinner • Child care issues, 48% of women change career or scale back due to family and social factors • Eldercare issues/ Filial Piety (95%)

  8. CHINESE WOMEN AT WORKPLACE • Gender Discrimination (45%): • Sexual Harassment (18%), In August 2005, China outlawed sexual harassment • 70%, Men in Managerial & Administrative position • 75% of women feel unsafe and uncomfortable traveling alone for business trips, society disapproval as well

  9. Some firms don’t hire women, no contracts • Some neglect women additional benefits • Women are exposed to serious occupational safety hazards, outdated Equipment • Some factories terminate job to avoid medical expense during pregnancy • At present, 60 percent of companies have participated in China's birth insurance scheme for paying employers' birth-related medical fees • Women are more likely to get lower-level jobs and be unemployed than men

  10. Preferred young women, cheap labor • Some factory dormitories require sharing room • In most cases the girls work six days a week from around 7:30am to 6:00pm, with an hour off for lunch and maybe 30 minutes break for dinner, Overtime begin at 6:00pm and runs past midnight during the busy season • Depending on the experience and overtime young women factory workers get paid between $70 and $250 a month.

  11. MSI Computer (Shenzhen) • Supplier for Apple, Dell, HP & NEC Computers • General employment strictly women, 18-35 • Average wage $0.94/hr • 12 hour shift, 1 -2 Days of rest • Dormitory rooms 6 -8 people

  12. CHINESE WOMEN AT WORKPLACE • Progress has been made, more women in technical and professional jobs • More managerial position held by women • Hu Xiaoloan, 46, oversees State Administration of Foreign Exchange (SAFE) $1 trillion, • 21% of seats in national parliament are held by women, as opposed to just 16% in the U.S.

  13. Ranking $BN (Top 20) • Zhang Yin, 53, $5.6bn • Wu Yajun, 46, $4.1bn • Chen Lihua, 69, $4bn • Oprah Winfrey, 57, $2.3bn

  14. INDIA:

  15. INDIA: A Patriarchal setup • Child care issues • Eldercare issues/ Daughterly guilt (94%) • Gender Issues • Cultural Constraints • Sexual Harassment (26%)

  16. INDIA’S FACTS • Caring for husband’s parents • Working an average of 60 hours per week • 36% of women are treated differently based on gender • 55% of women change career or scale back due to family and social factors • 70 per cent do not pursue a career • Women feel unsafe and uncomfortable traveling alone for business trips, society disapproval as well

  17. Gender Discrimination and Biases: Discrimination against women starts in the womb. Female feticide is a reality and this stalks the Indian conscience. • 866 girls per 1,000 boys. Boys are still seen as the traditional keepers of the family name. • Honor killing • Census 2011: Survey in Delhi, Noida reveals male child preferred by 44% Male Child still Preferred India lags far behind in man-woman equality despite its economic progress. The country has been ranked 114th among 134 countries by the World Economic Forum.

  18. MARRIAGE: An important Institution The Patriarchal Joint Family system means the girl-child has to be ‘trained’ from birth to live with and serve another family.

  19. STIGMAS AND TABOOS: Constraints • Arranged marriages • No Living In with boyfriend or fiancé • No children before marriage, absolutely No. • Divorce • Should get married up to a certain age • Single Mother • Social context: Women’s reputation • Can’t stay single • Have to whose appropriate profession • No widow-remarriage: Women don’t wear colored clothes and are not invited in family ceremonies. Women in India are more vulnerable to this problem because of social and cultural reasons.

  20. How these socio-cultural factors impact career decisions: • Career trade off. Leaving jobs and looking after house responsibilities and husband’s parents • Limited career options. • Take jobs which are not very challenging. • "A study on women graduates of the Indian Institute of Management, Ahmadabad, showed that more that more than 70 per cent do not pursue a career." • mere 3 % TO 6% women occupy management in private companies across India • 96% of women workers are in the unorganized sector • Economic Independence

  21. Choices women have LIMITED CAREER OPTIONS: Coping with Career Genderization Stereotyping about professions which women should choose. "There are some male stereotypes about certain kinds of job profiles But with changing times women have started to rebel against the system that perpetuated these stereotypes or decided to conform to it.

  22. Female drivers in Public Transpiration USA India Very few women in India choose this career and that too have started in recent years and it is a big deal and they are in news.

  23. CHANGING INDIA: FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO CAREER ADVANCEMENT OF WOMAN: • More education for women • Open-mindedness of society, awareness • Gender equality • Gender sensitive policies, like flexi timings, work from home, sabbaticals, etc. • Gender Diversity Issues

  24. INTERVIEWS: Professor Helen Huang Vice-Dean, Department of Biochemical Engineering School of Chemical Engineering & Technology Tianjin University Tianjin 300072, P.R.China Ms. Sara Nikita Head Media and Advocacy: Leprosy India, New Delhi, India http://www.leprosymission.org/

  25. Kalpana Chawla: India-born space engineer the first Indian-American woman to be sent to space. Kalpana Chawala was a member of the six-astronaut crew that flew the Columbia Flight STS-87 on November 19, 1997 Indra Krishnamurthy Nooyi : is an Indian-born American executive and is the Chairman and CEO of PepsiCO Incorporated.

  26. KiranBediis an Indian social activist and a retired Indian Police Services(IPS) officer. She became the first woman to join the IPS in 1972. She has also founded two NGOs in India: Navjyoti for welfare and preventive policing in 1987and the India Vision Foundation for prison reformation, drug abuse prevention and child welfare in 1994.

  27. Times are Changing:larger initiative to encourage diversity. • Flexi-timing and sabbaticals. • Work from Home (IBM, etc.) • project to help women who have dropped out for various reasons back into organization. • 50% Women in the company (BhartiAirtel) • work-life flexibility option • launching a major diversity initiative. • ICICI Bank: runs campaigns on campuses to bust notions regarding career options for women • IBM gives placement agencies a higher fee if they bring in women candidates. • Companies working on vendors for child day care center facility. To understand the culture and diversity of a country and the workforce.

  28. Times are Changing:larger initiative to encourage diversity. • 38% higher number of women in IT industry in India than their western counterparts. • President of India: Ms PratibhaPatil. • Indira Gandhi was the thirdPrime Minister of the Republic of India for three consecutive terms from 1966 to 1977 and for a fourth term from 1980 until her assassination in 1984, a total of fifteen years. The world's longest serving female Prime Minister as of 2011

  29. Respecting cultural and local traditional practices. TAKE AWAYS:  - Hindu married woman wears “Chudda” it for 6 months or so after their marriage. - KarwaChauth: the fast for husband.

  30. REFERENCES: • Early Determinants of Women in the IT Workforce: A Model of Girls’ Career Choices, 2005. Available online at: http://epublications.marquette.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1009&context=mgmt_fac&seiredir=1#search=%22Family+is+one+of+the+most+influential+contexts+of+socialization+in+childhood+and+adolescence+%28Dryler,+1998%29.%22 • http://www.indiafolks.com/history-and-culture/what-is-the-social-structure-of-india/ • India at bottom in man-woman equality index , 10 November 2009 . Available online at: http://southasia.oneworld.net/todaysheadlines/india-at-bottom-in-man-woman-equality-index • Women in the Indian Workplace , Heather Robinson, 2010. Available online at: http://www.diversity-executive.com/article.php?article=854 • Working world is getting better for Indian women, NeelimaMahajan, TNN, 2007, available online at: at:http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-01-03/india-business/27887167_1_women-employees-ibm-india-india-workforce • Perspectives on Women in Management in India, SHRM. Available online at: http://www.shrm.org/Research/.../09-0677_India_Women_Ldrshp_FNL.pdff • http://www.kiranbedi.com/ • http://www.chinalaborwatch.org/ • http://www.cnn.com/ • http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/

  31. WANT TO KNOW MORE ….. KISS, BOW, OR SHAKE HANDS: Morrison & Conaway Cultural Overviews, Tips on doing Business, Protocols, Negotiations…

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