1st Quarter

1. 1st Quarter Using p. 92 in your textbook, answer the following question: • After 1800, how does the United States change? • Who is Lewis and Clark? Who is York? • Why do you think many African-Americans were eager to move west? • Why do you think many African-Americans were wary of this westward expansion?

2. Helpful Note taking Tip • All of the main ideas (i.e. key people, key vocabulary) appear in orange • All important details appear in red

3. 1st Quarter • In a well-constructed paragraph, answer the following question: • Was the Civil War inevitable?

4. Well-constructed paragraphs have… • A strong topic sentence • States the clear objective or position of the paragraph • Gives room for evidence to follow • Supportive details • Support the objective or position stated in the topic sentence • Provides evidence • Closing/Transition sentence • “Gift wraps” the ideas in the paragraph • Allows for connection and transition to next paragraph

5. Road to the Civil War

6. Introduction • Since the onset of our country the regional differences in economy created a schism in the new found nation • The schism will lead us into compromise and eventual conflict

7. Outline • Rise of abolitionists • Attempts to compromise • Dred Scott case • Causes of the Civil War

8. Antislavery vs. Abolition • Antislavery movement: against slavery • Abolition movement: push to end slavery in the United States What is the difference?

9. What contributed to the growth of the antislavery movement in the early 1800s? • Second Great Awakening • Rebirth of religious fervor encouraged reform • Reform focus contributed to growth of antislavery movement • More Americans viewed slavery as moral wrong that went against religious beliefs • Social reformers united and formed organizations to oppose slavery

11. Types of Abolitionist Militant Non-militant Opposed slavery especially through newspaper and the Underground Railroad Once emancipated, wanted to end racial discrimination as well Ex. Frederick Douglass Harriet Beecher Stowe Sojourner Truth Levi Coffin • Believed in immediate emancipation • Believed that slaves needed to be armed in order to revolt • Ex. • William Lloyd Garrison • David Walker • John Brown

12. How did militant abolitionists differ from other black abolitionists?

16. Written by Harriet Beecher Stowe, this novel exposes the terrible treatment of slaves in the slave community. The call for abolition rises in the North following this novel which outrages the South.

17. Attempts to compromise • Missouri Compromise (1820) • Wilmot Proviso (1846) • Compromise of 1850 • Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854) • Written by Stephen A. Douglass • Popular sovereignty in the Kansas-Nebraska Territory • Leads to “BLEEDING KANSAS”

20. Dred Scott case ruling by the U.S. Supreme Court that people of African descent brought into the United States and held as slaves (or their descendants,whether or not they were slaves) were not protected by the Constitution and could never be U.S. citizens.

21. Long-Term Causes Conflict over Slavery in territories (westward expansion) Economic differences b/w North and South Conflict b/w states’ rights and Fed. Control Immediate Cause Founding of the Republican Party/ Election of Lincoln South feels that their political voice will no longer be heard Secession of Southern States (leave and create the Confederacy) Firing on Ft. Sumter Causes of Civil War

22. The Civil War

23. Union: • 23 states • 22 million people • 80% of nation’s factories • 90% of nation’s skilled workers • Extensive railroad power and naval system • 70% of the nation’s wealth • Few experienced military leaders Confederacy • 11 states + bordering territories • 9 million people (3.5 were slaves) • Agrarian society • Less than 30% of nation’s railroad • Dependent on imports, cannot tax citizens directly • Superior military leadership

24. Abraham Lincoln • Intentions at the beginning of the Civil War • Preserving the Union • Conflict is not a result of slavery, rather states’ rights • What were his feelings towards African-Americans? (known as the “Great Emancipator”) • Thought slavery was morally wrong • Opposed the EXPANSION of slavery • Thought African-Americans were not equal to whites

25. African-Americans during the Civil War • Black men in the North volunteered to fight; the Union army turned them away; African Americans created informal military units and trained for possible active duty • A few Union generals disagreed with the decision not to accept blacks in the army • Contrabands, escaped Confederate slaves, began turning up at Union army camps seeking protection and offering to help the Union cause • Offered noncombatant positions such as cooks or hospital orderlies • The navy approved active enlistment of black men in September 1861

26. African-Americans during the Civil War • African Americans contributed to the war effort of the Confederacy • Slaves grew much of the food; such labor freed white men to fight • Slaves served in noncombat positions as cooks or wagon drivers

28. African-American Soldiers Unique Hardships • Black troops received fewer supplies, less training, and less pay • Took steps to counter such discrimination • Members of the 54th Mass. Infantry protested unequal wages by refusing pay for over a year • U.S. government finally agreed to pay same to all troops Treatment • If captured, black troops faced more severe treatment • Confederate troops enslaved or executed captured black soldiers • White troops were held as prisoners of war • In all, 186,000 black men served bravely in the Union forces

29. Heroic Black Women in the Civil War • Nursing the sick most common job • Nurse Susie King Taylor, wife of officer in 1st Carolina Volunteers • Also taught soldiers to read and write in spare time • Sojourner Truth • Leading black abolitionist worked to support war effort • Helped raise money and supplies for southern black refugees • Met with President Lincoln, who convinced her to nurse wounded black soldiers in Freedmen’s Hospital

30. Heroic Black Women in the Civil War • Female Spies • Harriet Tubman gathered information from southern slaves • Praised for her “remarkable courage, zeal, and fidelity” • Mary Elizabeth Bowser another well-known black spy; worked in home of Confederate president Jefferson Davis • Pretended she could not read; listened to conversations and examined documents; passed valuable military information to Union officials