高三英语第二阶段复习的 目标、内容和教学方法研究

1. 高三英语第二阶段复习的目标、内容和教学方法研究高三英语第二阶段复习的目标、内容和教学方法研究 南开大学附中 张少华

2. 第一部分 第二阶段复习的指导思想、内容和目标

3. 一.第二阶段复习的内容和目标 1. 内容： 1）巩固并扩大第一阶段词汇复习的成果，继续扩充词汇量，落实相关词汇知识。 2）巩固第一阶段语法复习的成果，并不断提高在语篇中的应用能力。 3）题型训练：完形填空 阅读理解 书面表达

4. 2. 目标： 1）词汇目标 对一般同学的要求： ①常用词在语篇中能熟练地做出反应 ②《新课标》中的其他词，在语篇中结合上下文，能准确地理解。 ③常见的构词法知识以及其他词汇知识在语篇中能熟练地运用。 对英语成绩优秀的同学的要求： 除熟练掌握《新课标》中的全部单词外，要求见一个，记一个。 2）把已经复习过的语法知识转化成在语篇中灵活运用的能力。

5. 3）培养学生的题型能力 ① 使学生了解各大题型的命题意图、要求及特点。 ②形成适合学生个人特点的解题能力和技巧。 ③提高做题的速度和熟练程度。

6. 二. 第二阶段复习的指导思想 高考命题的基本思路是在语篇中考查学生运用英语的能力。影响学生在语篇中运用英语能力的因素主要有： 词汇 1.语言因素 语法 2.逻辑思维能力

7. 根据近几年高考命题的趋势，逻辑思维能力的考查力度似乎有减少的迹象。根据近几年高考命题的趋势，逻辑思维能力的考查力度似乎有减少的迹象。 在教学实践中，影响大部分学生完形填空和阅读理解得分率的主要问题是“看不懂”或“看不准”——这仍然是语言因素造成的。

8. 三. 高考试题中词汇问题所涉及的具体内容 1.词汇量的积累； 2.“一词多义”的问题； 3.构词法的问题； 4.介词的问题。

9. 1.词汇量的积累： 《新课标》在词汇量方面带来的影响： （1）量的增加给学生记忆带来的困难。 （2）词汇量的增加使得命题的约束减少，尤其是完形填空和阅读理解篇目的选择，更是在很大程度上解除了枷锁。

10. 关于词汇问题： 1.充分认识词汇积累在学生题型能力形成过程中的关键作用，下大工夫、调动一切教学手段，抓好词汇的积累。 2.在语言的运用中巩固词汇复习的成果。 3. 无论什么复习内容，每节课都要有明确否认词汇复习目标。

11. 教学实例：（2010年天津卷 完形填空） • Robert Moody, 52, is an experienced police officer. Much of his work involvesdealing with 16 an gang (团伙)problems in the schools of his community. Knowing that many kids often 17 trouble, he decided to do something about it. So in 1991 he began to invite small groups of kids to go fishing with him on his day 18 . • Those fun trips had a(n) 19 impact. A chance encounter in 2000 proved that. One day, 20 working security at a school basketball game, Moody noticed two young guys 21 .He sensed trouble between them. 22 one of them headed toward Moody and gave him a hug. “I 23 you. You took me 24 when I was in fifth grade. That was one of the 25 days of my life .” • Deeply touched by the boy’s word, Moody decided to create a foundation（基金会）that 26 teenagers to the basics of fishing in camping programs. “As a policeman, I saw 27 there was violence, drugs were always behind it. They have a damaging 28 on the kids,” says Moody.

12. By turning kids on to fishing, he 29 to present an alternative way of life, “When you’re sitting there waiting for a 30 ,”he says, “you can’t help but talk to each other, and such 31 can be pretty deep.” • “Talking about drugs helped prepare me for the peer（同龄人）pressures in high school,” says Michelle, 17 who 32 the first program. “And I was able to help my little brother 33 drugs.” • Moody faces 34 in three years, when he hopes to run the foundation full-time. “I’m living a happy life and I have a responsibility to my 35 to give back,” Moody says.” If I teach a kid to fish today, he can teach his brother to fish tomorrow.”

13. 16. A. drinking B．drug C．security D．smoking • 17. A. ran into B．got over C．left behind D．looked into • 18. A．ahead B．away C．off D．out • 19. A．immediate B．damaging C．limited D．lasting • 20. A．once B．while C．since D．until • 21. A．quarreling B．complaining C．talking D．cheering • 22. A．Slowly B．Suddenly C．Finally D．Secretly • 23. A．understand B．hear C. see D．remember • 24. A．fishing B．sailing C．boating D. swimming． • 25. A．quietest B．longest C．best D．busiest • 26. A．connects B．introduces C．reduces D．commits • 27. A．where B．unless C．as D．whether • 28. A．impression B．burden C．decision D．impact • 29. A．asked B．intended C．pretended D．agreed • 30. A．solution B．change C．bite D．surprise • 31. A．concerns B．interests C．conversations D．emotions • 32. A. participated in B. worked out C. approved of D. made up • 33. A. misuse B. avoid C. tolerate D. test • 34. A. unemployment B. challenge C. competition D. retirement • 35. A. team B. school C. family D. community

14. 教学实例(2009年天津卷阅读理解 D篇）： Next time a customer comes to your office, offer him a cup of coffee. And when you’re doing your holiday shopping online, make sure you’re holding a large glass of iced tea. The physical sensation(感觉) of warmth encourages emotional warmth, while a cold drink in hand prevents you from making unwise decisions—those are the practical lessons being drawn from recent research by psychologist John A. Bargh. Psychologists have known that one person’s perception(感知) of another’s “warmth” is a powerful determiner in social relationships. Judging someone to be either “warm” or “cold” is a primaryconsideration, even trumpingevidence that a “cold” person may be more capable. Much of this is rooted in very early childhood experiences, Bargh argues, when babies’ conceptual sense of the world around them is shaped by physical sensations, particularly warmth and coldness. Classic studies by Harry Harlow, published in 1958, showed monkeys preferred to stay close to a cloth “mother” rather than one made of wire, even when the wire “mother” carried a food bottle. Harlow’s work and later studies have led psychologists to stress the need for warm physical contact from caregivers to help young children grow into healthy adults with normal social skills.

15. Feelings of “warmth” and “coldness” in social judgments appear to be universal. Although no worldwide study has been done, Bargh says that describing people as “warm” or “cold” is common to many cultures, and studies have found those perceptions influence judgment in dozens of countries. To test the relationship between physical and psychological warmth, Bargh conducted an experiment which involved 41 college students. A research assistant who was unaware of the study’s hypotheses(假设), handed the students either a hot cup of coffee, or a cold drink, to hold while the researcher filled out a short information form: The drink was then handed back. After that, the students were asked to rate the personality of “Person A” based on a particular description. Those who had briefly held the warm drink regarded Person A as warmer than those who had held the iced drink. “We are grounded in our physical experiences even when we think abstractly,” says Bargh. (2009年天津卷阅读理解 D篇）

16. 2.高考试题中的“一词多义”的问题： vt. 腾出、让出；节约、剩下 spare 多余的(spare room) adj. 业余的(spare time) 备用的(spare parts

17. There was no point asking his parents, for he knew they had no money to spare. • (2009年北京卷，完形填空） • point: 用处 • spare 动词； “节约、剩下： • So she made it easy, placing cups in rooms where students could leave their spare coins…… • spare 形容词， “多余的”

18. T. Bower designed a method for projectingan optical illusion（视觉影像）of a hanging ball.（2004年高考试题北京卷，D篇） • project 动词，“发射，放映”。（用作动词重音在后面） • 同样的情况在2004年的重庆卷中又出现了： • Eight 13,500-watt projectors light the grand column of the fountain in the evening……（2004年高考试题重庆卷，A篇） • projector 名词， “发射器，放映机”。

19. 更多的“一词多义”的例子： 1） I remember how happy I was when I saw the tray standnear the table. stand: 架子、摊位 （2008 海南、宁夏、全国卷 完形填空） 2） In secret, she practiced Portia’s part, memorizing the lines by repeating them over and over. part: 角色 line: 台词

20. 3）Tempers of both the tourists and the waiters had risen to meet the situation, making it a rather quarrelsome environment. meet: 满足、对付 （2006海南、宁夏、全国II 完形填空） 4） I left Freda’s house that day, wondering about the natureof my relationship with my clients. nature: 本质、本性 （2006辽宁卷 完形填空）

21. 5）Several days later I received another postcard, this one delivering about Mabel’s cousin. deliver: 陈述、发表 （2006年全国卷II, 完形填空） 6） But Wilkin’s and Franklin’s relationship was a lot rockierthan the celebrated teamwork of Watson and Crick. rocky: 动摇的 （2009 浙江卷， 阅读理解B）

22. 7）Most governments and many organizations will not process written complaints if they do not bear the writer’s signature. The absence of a signature tells us that the writer cannot be too serious and therefore does not deserve a reply. （2009年江西卷，阅读理解D篇） process: 对……起诉（处理） complaint: 原告；申诉 bear: 提供

23. 单选试题中的一词多义问题： 例一： 2007年天津卷单选试题: 14. The final score of the basketball match was 93-94.We were only ________ beaten. A. nearly B. slightly C. narrowly D. lightly

24. 3.高考试题中的构词法知识问题： 1）Due in part to old inefficient batteries, Helios finished fourth---- out of four---- in its kind, the sun-powered class. （2004年全国卷II, 阅读理解C ） 2）Every issue contains usable articles such as “Style Lab”, in which wearable clothes are mixed and matched on non-models and the “Eat-right Road Map”, with tips on how to eat properly. （2004年全国卷III, 阅读理解D ）

25. 3） Nowadays, the socialization of the child in the United States is a two-way transaction(事务）between parent and child rather than a one-way. (2008年福建卷， 完形填空） “ize” 动词后缀，“使······化”； “ization”名词后缀 modernization globalization 4） People like parrots, always treating them as nothing more than pets or valuable “collectables” (2009 湖北卷，阅读理解B) 此句中collectables的后缀阿扁 able的意思是“适合······的”

26. 5） Second, the U.S. and Europe should abandon their policies of paying partly for the change of food into biofuels. (2008 上海卷，阅读理解B) 词素bio的意思为“生物” 6）It is possible that one good thing to arise from downturn will be a generation that’s financially wiser and better equipped to manage their money through times of economic uncertainty. (2009年山东卷，阅读理解D)

27. 4. 高考试题中的介词问题： 1） 高考试题中的介词 against： ①Against the flow of the new words, many Japanese are turning back to the study of their own language. (2003全国高考试题 ；阅读理解D) against：“对照” ②She rested herself against a post close to the track. (2009年宁夏、海南、全国卷I; 阅读理解D) against: “倚着、靠着”

28. 2）高考试题中的介词 over： ①An unusual story of human effect over the centuries, Fermat’s Last Theorem will delight specialists and readers alike. （2003年高考试题； 阅读理解C篇） ②Weeks passed and the excitement over the coming Christmas grew into restlessness until the last day of school before the holiday break. (2009年山东卷；完形填空） over: “在······ 期间”

29. ③ We kicked overa log and the fish just came crowding out. (2009年全国卷II; 完形填空） over: “翻转” ④Further studies of the fish may tell how animals changed over time. ((2009年宁夏、海南、全国卷I; 阅读理解C篇) over: “跨越”

30. 3）高考试题中的其他介词 ： ①During the trip, you can rest on the deck, enjoying yourself in the games rooms and in evening dance to our musical team. (2009年宁夏、海南、全国卷II; 阅读理解D篇) to: “合着” ②He had realized that the word: “One of six to eight” under the first picture in the book connected the hare in some way to Katherine Aragon, the first Henry VIII’s six wives. (2003全国高考试题 ；阅读理解D) of : “ 在······中”

31. ③ The next day Jenna went to see Mrs. Biden about being on the school newspaper. (2008年天津卷， 完形填空） on: “参加”； “是······的成员” ④Upon its ringing everyone would run for their coats and go home. (2009年山东卷； 完形填空） upon = on = as soon as

32. 四.关于语法知识在语篇中的应用问题： 1. 学生对语法知识的基本理解不等于能够在语篇中灵活运用。实践证明，这两者之间存在很大的距离。培养学生在语篇中运用所学语法知识的能力，是第二阶段复习的重要目标之一。

33. 2. 在语篇中所运用的语法知识有其独特的侧重点，不同于单选试题。 语篇中的语言结构知识问题主要有： 1）各类从句的运用 2）后置定语的问题 3）相关的句子成分被分割的问题 4）复杂的句子结构问题

34. 1）各类从句的运用：（2010年 四川卷，阅读理解A篇） I grew up in a house where the TV was seldom turned on and with one wall in my bedroom entirely lined with bookshelves, most of my childhood was spent on books I could get hold of. In fact, I grew up thinking of reading as natural as breathing and books unbelievably powerful in shaping perspectives (观点) by creating worlds we could step into, take part in，and live in. With this unshakable belief, I, at fourteen, decided to become a writer. Here too, reading became useful. Every writer starts off knowing that he has something to say, but being unable to find the right ways to say it. He has to find his own voice by reading widely and discovering which parts of the writers he agrees or disagrees with, or agrees with so strongly that it reshapes his own world. He cannot write without loving to read, because only through reading other people’s writing can one discover what works, what doesn’t and, in the end, together with lots of practice, what voice he has.

35. Now I am in college, and have come to realize how important it is to read fiction (文学作品)．As a law student, my reading is in fact limited to subject matter—the volume (量) of what I have to read for classes every week means there is little time to read anything else. Such reading made it all the clearer to me that I live in a very small part in this great place called life. Reading fiction reminds me that there is life beyond my own. It allows me to travel across the high seas and along the Silk Road, all from the comfort of my own armchair, to experience, though secondhand, exciting experiences that I wouldn't necessarily be able to have in my lifetime.

36. 2）后置定语的问题： And there is a growing need for new writers trained to create the $3billion worth of children’s books bought each year…plus stories and articles needed by over 650 publishers of magazines for children and teenagers. (2009年北京卷，阅读理解B）

37. 3）相关的句子成分被分割的问题 Duein partto old, inefficient batteries, Helios finished fourth—out of four —in its kind, the sun-powered class. （2004年高考试题全国卷二，C篇） You will find as you read the book that you just can’t keep some of these stories to yourself. You will share them with a friend. (2005年湖南卷单选试题）

38. They walked without an appointment into the outer office of Harvard’s president. (2005年福建卷， 完形填空）

39. 4）复杂的句子结构问题 （一） Scientists have reported recently that the world is heating up even faster than predicted only a few years ago, and that the consequences could be severe if we don’t keep reducing emissions(排放）of carbon dioxide(CO2)and other greenhouse gases that are trapping heat in our atmosphere. (2009年福建卷，阅读理解E篇） 注意：两个并列连词 and; 三个由that引起的从句

40. 复杂的句子结构问题 （二） FHWA spokesman Doug Hecox says reasons for the change include an aging population that needs more time to cross, health-conscious Americans walking more, children encouraged to walk to prevent to getting overweight and high gas prices pushing people to walk instead of drive. include后四个并列的宾语都带有各自的后置定语---- 并列和后置定语的问题交织在一起。 （2009年四川卷，阅读理解D篇）

41. 结论： 在语篇的理解中，语言因素是解决学生能准确地“读懂”的问题；而“读懂”又是做对试题的基础。 因此，对高考几个主要题型的复习仍需不断提高词汇能力和语法知识运用能力。 然后，才是解决不但读懂了文章还要做对试题的问题。

42. 第二部分 高考题型复习的教学研究 1.完形填空题型研究 2.阅读理解中的逻辑思维训练 3. 英语书面表达的教学要点

43. 1.完形填空题型研究

44. （一） 完形填空题型的基本特点 及近年来的命题趋势 1）完形填空的试题意图。 2) 完形填空的试题特点。 3）近十年来各地高考命题的动向。

45. 1)完形填空的试题意图。 2003年版《高考试题说明》对完形填空的试题意图做了明确的表述： “考查考生在阅读理解的基础上对词汇知识的综合运用能力”。

46. 完形填空意在考词汇。因此，只要词汇功夫差，就不可能有较高的正确率。完形填空意在考词汇。因此，只要词汇功夫差，就不可能有较高的正确率。 What was ___9___ to be a stopgap(权宜之计）trip turned into a new life. I kept travelling between London and here and felt ___10___than I had in months. 9. A. said B. prove C. supposed D. judge 10. A. smarter B. higher C. firmer D. lighter Paul understood that and never ___14___ me.

47. 14. A. left B. pushed C. surprised D. interrupted （2011年，四川卷完形填空） 学生在这些题上容易出错误的根本原因， 是抓不住正确选项的意思： be supposed to 应该、被认为 light 轻松地、愉快的 push 推动； 逼迫

48. 完形填空考查词汇知识的典型例子： A young man was ready to graduate from college. For many months he had ________ a beautiful sports car in the dealer’s showroom. A. expected (学生误选）B. enjoyed C. admired D. owned （2009年辽宁卷完形填空） expect：期待、期望； 预料、预计 admire：钦佩、羡慕；想要、喜欢

49. 2)完形填空的思维特点 　虽然完形填空同听力、单选、阅读理解在形式上都是“四选一”，但解题时的思维方式截然不同： ①听力、单选、阅读理解中的绝大多数试题是“选对错” ②完形填空的大部分试题是“选最佳”

50. 3）近年来全国各地高考命题的动向 　①选用的短文边叙述边议论。 　②叙述中频繁地插入心理活动的描写。 　③少数省市选用说明文或议论文做完形填空的素材。 建议：采用分类训练的方法，便于学生掌握各类体裁的不同特点。