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Cultivating Survival: Adaptation in Different Environments

Explore the process of adaptation, from hunting and gathering to intensive agriculture, and how societies have evolved to thrive in diverse habitats. Learn about the diverse practices of herding, horticulture, and nomadism in sustaining communities. Discover the shift from foraging to domestication and civilization, impacting human survival strategies. Uncover the significance of surplus production and the role of peasants in complex societies. This examination delves into how environmental factors have influenced cultural practices and shaped human civilizations over time.

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Cultivating Survival: Adaptation in Different Environments

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  1. Chapter 7, Adaptation: Environment and Cultures Key Terms

  2. adaptationProcess by which organisms develop physical and behavioral characteristics allowing them to survive and reproduce in their habitats. hunting and gathering (foraging)Adaptation based on harvest of only wild (undomesticated) plants and animals.

  3. agricultureAdaptation based primarily on the planting, tending, and harvesting of domesticated plants (crops). herding (pastoralism)Adaptation based on control and breeding of domesticated livestock, which are taken to naturally occurring pasturelands.

  4. bandA small foraging group with flexible composition that migrates seasonally. domesticationThe process by which people control the distribution, abundance, and biological features of certain plants and animals, in order to increase their usefulness to humans.

  5. horticultureA method of cultivation in which hand tools powered by human muscles are used. intensive agricultureA system of cultivation in which plots are planted annually or semiannually; usually uses irrigation, natural fertilizers, and plows powered by animals.

  6. surplusThe amount of food a worker produces in excess of the consumption of herself or himself and his or her dependents. civilizationA form of complex society in which many people live in cities.

  7. peasantsRural people who are integrated into a larger society politically and economically. nomadismSeasonal mobility often involving migration to high-altitude areas during the hottest and driest parts of the year.

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