1 / 37

Biology 3.4

Biology 3.4. “Plant & Animal Responses”. Tropisms. Plants grown on the ISS. Grown in light + zero gravity Grown in darkness + zero gravity. Plant Hormones (for chemists). Nasties. Kineses. Slater – Porcellio scaber. Slater – Porcellio scaber Hygrokinesis. Original: 1 frame/5 sec.

philip-obrien
Download Presentation

Biology 3.4

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Biology 3.4 “Plant & Animal Responses”

  2. Tropisms

  3. Plants grown on the ISS • Grown in light + zero gravity • Grown in darkness + zero gravity

  4. Plant Hormones (for chemists)

  5. Nasties

  6. Kineses Slater – Porcellio scaber

  7. Slater – Porcellio scaberHygrokinesis Original: 1 frame/5 sec

  8. The top half of the container is a high humidity environment. The Bottom is a low humidity environment.Note that animals stay in the high humidity environment. (Original: 1 frame/60 seconds) http://cas.bellarmine.edu/tietjen/Ec&Ev_Distance_learning/EcologyIntro/behavior.htm

  9. Taxes

  10. Slater Phototaxis • Task: Design and carry out an experiment using choice chambers to demonstrate whether or not slaters show phototaxis. • Consider: how MUCH of a difference in responses will be sufficient to be able able state that there is a REAL difference! http://www.cvsd.org/university/classpage/jgriffith/pages/AP%20Items/13%20Animal%20control/11%20-%20Animal%20Behavior.htm

  11. Slater Phototaxis (13 Bio 2012) • Aim: Do slaters prefer light or dark habitats? • Hypothesis: That slaters prefer dark habitats (because this will help them avoid desiccation) • Results: • Conclusions:

  12. Slater Phototaxis (13 Bio 2011) • Aim: Do slaters prefer light or dark habitats? • Hypothesis: That slaters prefer dark habitats (because this will help them avoid desiccation) • Results: • Conclusions: Hypothesis proved correct, slaters prefer darker habitats. Slaters were nearly 5 times more likely to be found in the dark. We suspect, therefore, there is a strong preference to avoid drying out and being visible to predators.

  13. Migration NZ Shining Cuckoo: Breeds NZ + Chathams, migrates to Solomon Islands

  14. Migration Migration: the mass movement of a large number of animals of the same species often over a large distance. Migration is an important response to seasonal environmental change. In true migration animals usually travel from one location where they breed to another where they feed and then they move back again.

  15. Migration Features • Active (eg swimming), not passive dispersal (drifting in current) • Usually to feeding / breeding area • Usually two-way trip • Usually regular timing • Often long distance • Often at defined life stage • Initiated by internal clocks / timekeepers in resonse to environmental cues (eg temp. change, daylength change) • -’s risky and costly in terms of energy – death is the ultimate energy cost • +’s safe breeding grounds, avoid climate extremes, maintain food supply (seasonal, food supply used up) • Eg: salmon – adults migrate up rivers to spawn • Eg: humpback whale feed at pole in summer, breed in tropics • Moving on because of food source depletion (locust) might not count as migration.

  16. Homing

  17. Navigation

  18. Bee Navigation • Use solar navigation • In vertical hive combs: • Angle of dance to vertical indicates horizontal angle from sun to food • Speed of wiggle indicates closeness of food • Must have a biological clock to account for the fact that the sun moves across the sky and the angle to the food will have changed by the time they get back to the sky.

  19. Female Male Monarch Navigation • Flight patterns appear to be inherited, based on a combination of the position of the sun in the sky and: • Time-compensated sun compass • based in their antennae. • New research shows: use the earth's magnetic field • Antennae protein is sensitive to violet/blue, in that light it can function as a chemical compass indicating alignment to magnetic field (or not). Can’t tell N/S

  20. Timing Responses

  21. Friday • Homing + 1 BZ page (another for H/W, due Mon) • Start Astro cycles…

  22. Astronomical Cycles Solar year – 365.25 days (rotations) of Earth in one orbit (revolution) around the sun. Lunar month – 29.5 days between full moons Earth day – 23 h 56min 4.09s (to rotate on axis once) Seasons – Caused by tilt of Earth’s axis (23.5°)

  23. Friday / Monday Astronomical Cycles Solar year Lunar month Earth day Seasons Biological Rhythms Notes from intro Environmental Cues Exogenous Endogenous Biorhythm Circadian Circalunar Circasemilunar Circatidal Circannual Biological Clocks Notes from intro Zeitgeber Entrainment Human clock + notes SCN Pineal gland Daily Rhythms Diurnal Nocturnal Crepuscular Human Biorhythms Notes from intro (include length of free running period and effect but not the term)

  24. SDP flower with short day and long night. But if you interrupt a long night with light then SDP don’t flower. This shows that the long nights make them flower as short nights (leaving the short day intact) stops them flowering. • LDP flower with long day and short night. But if you interrupt a long day with darkness then LDP still flower. This shows that the short nights make them flower as short days (leaving the short night intact) keepsw them flowering.

  25. Actograms • Actogram — chart commonly used to plot activity against time 24 hours  Day No Activity Night Activity

  26. For the first 7-days mice were maintained under a 12-hour light: 12-hour dark cycle, and subsequently mice were maintained in constant darkness. When the animal is placed into constant darkness, the period of the free-run driven by the endogenous clock at around 23.5 hour cycles, is apparent with activity starting earlier each day.

  27. What is happening here?

  28. An illustration of the effect of SCN lesions on a sample slave rhythm.  Under a 12:12 dark:light cycle, an intact nocturnal animal, such as a rat, is active during the dark phase of the DL cycle.  Almost immediately following ablation of the SCN (SCNX), the animal's rhythms become completely arrhythmic in the circadian time domain

  29. Social Organisation

  30. Communication

  31. Communication • Essential for organisms to interact appropriately with others of the species • Encompasses many types of signals • Visual: vervet monkey (shows blue testicles to indicate gender) • Touch: slaters (communicates presence, enable clumping behaviour) • Sound: blackbird (squawk when cat present) • Smell: skunk (warns predators) • The more complex the social organisation the more complex the signals. • Simple: Sheep – higher pitched baa “I’ve lost my baby”…not much other signals. • Complex: Chimps – grooming behaviour (maintaining social bonds)

  32. Predator vs Prey • Springbok pronking: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FlddKpKVXV4

  33. Sexual Dimorphism Pheasant m. f. Nyala Terrapin

  34. Co-Operative Behaviour • Bees vs Hornets (see text resource: http://scienceblogs.com/neurophilosophy/2007/09/19/mobs-of-honeybees-kill-hornets-by/ http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/notrocketscience/2009/07/05/mobs-of-honeybees-suffocate-hornets-to-death/) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JDSf3Kshq1M http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zjp31TwooSM http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bzvbSzfke7c

More Related