How To Do Referencing For Econometrics PhD Research - Phdassistance

1. HOW TO DO REFERENCING FOR ECONOMETRICS PHD RESEARCH An Academic presentationby Dr. Nancy Agnes, Head, Technical Operations,Phdassistance Group www.phdassistance.com Email:info@phdassistance.com

2. Outline Introduction When to cite How tocite Proper Use ofFootnotes Sample Citations in Text or Footnote Sample Entries in List of References Conclusion TODAY'SDISCUSSION

3. The University of Chicago Press's stylistic conventions, as outlined in Chapter 16 of the 14th edition of the Chicago Manual of Style, have been adopted by the Economics Department (available in the bookstore and in the reference room of thelibrary). This style should be followed for citations and bibliographic entries in alleconomic student papers and theses. INTRODUCTION

4. Quotations, for example, are a type of citation. In general, if you use someone else's thoughts, you must credit them with acitation. If you want to use someone else's ideas but don't want to use their exact words, use a general citation like "according to Hammami, H (2021),..." You must enclose the passage in quotation marks and reference the source, including the page number, if you use another author's exactwords. Contd... WHEN TOCITE

5. Long passages (more than two or three sentences) should be indented from both margins, single spaced, and not quoted (but still citedappropriately). Obviously, this theory can be taken to absurdlengths. The basic principle of the business, for example, should be considered "common knowledge"; you don't have to go back and try and find out who was the first to suggest that companies maximiseprofit. Contd...

7. As a general rule, if an idea or hypothesis is in a textbook and there isn't a clear citation (beyond "for more detail, see..."), you don't need to citeanybody. Empiricalresearch, on the other hand, is almost always specific and must becited. It is important to use proper citationpractises. Plagiarism is the failure to correctly reference sources, which may result in penalties ranging from fines to dismissal under Reed's academic dishonestypolicies. When in doubt, cite too often rather than not oftenenough! Contd...

8. At the stage of your writing where the ideas are used, you should cite the works. You may normally delete a source from your bibliography if it was only used for background information. If you want to express your intellectual gratitude to such a source, (i.e., it contributed to your general knowledge of a subject but you did not use any specific ideas from it), you may include a sentence (or a footnote) that says something like, “Reading Lowes (2021) improved my understanding of this subject,” or “Sara (2021) provides a good general overview of the issues discussedbelow.”

9. Almost all economics articles follow the “science” citation convention of referencing author and year in the text rather than the “humanities” convention of citing the entire bibliographic entry in afootnote. This method should be used in all ofresearch paper and thesiswriting. Most economics citations do not include a footnote; to avoid the disruption of a footnote reference; simply use the author(s) last name(s) and the year of publication in or after a sentence in thedocument. Contd... HOW TOCITE

10. When youread economicstudies, pay attention to how other writers do this, but keep in mind that most journalsdo not follow the Chicago Manual of Styleexactly. While it is often mislabelled as a bibliography, the latter is the norm for most economicswork. Any work mentioned in the text must be listed in the bibliography at the end of thearticle. Our Experts suggest that sticking to the convention of just citingworks. The list of references should be placed at the end of the paper or thesis on a separate page(s) with the title"References."

11. PROPER USE OFFOOTNOTES

12. Economists, in contrast to many other disciplines, use footnotes much less frequently, particularly for citationpurposes. If a statement or citation is long enough and unimportant enough to disrupt the flow of the argument if it were placed directly in the document, use afootnote. If a reader skips the footnote, he or she does not miss any key points in thediscussion. Contd...

13. Although there are times when footnotes are necessary, it can be exhausting to continually interrupt one's reading to refer to one after another at least one economics journal prohibits the use of footnotes entirely! You should probably be able to keep footnotes to one per page or less while using the author-date citationformat. If you have more than that, think about how your work might be portrayed in a more readable manner.

14. SAMPLE CITATIONS IN TEXT ORFOOTNOTE

15. There is no need for a footnote in thiscase. The bibliography contains all of the publication information for Schama's 1987work. NON-QUOTED CITATION NOT PART OF ASENTENCE NON-QUOTED CITATION AS PART OF ASENTENCE There is no punctuation between the author and the date, and both are enclosed in parentheses Contd...

16. To separate individual entries by different writers, use asemicolon. CITING MULTIPLE WORKS BY THE SAMEAUTHOR MULTIPLE CITATIONS NOT PART OF ASENTENCE It's worth noting that Lucas and Stokey are not the same person. If there are page numbers, a comma is appropriate to separate thedates. In any case, a semicolon must beused.

17. OFREFERENCES The references list is formatted in a "hanging indented" style, with the first line flush to the left margin and subsequent linesindented. Authors' names appear first in the alphabetical list ofentries. Contd... SAMPLE ENTRIES INLIST

18. From the earliest year of publication to themost recent, works by the same author(s) are mentioned. Multiple works by the same author(s) published in the same year are alphabetized by title (rather than chronologically within the year) and given suffix letters a, b, c, and soon.

19. Last-name-first is always the firstauthor. It's worth noting that the capitalization in the title meets standard sentence capitalization guidelines, and there are no quotationmarks. Periods are used after the name(s) of the author(s), the year, the title of the article, and at theend. Among the journal name and the volume number, there is nopunctuation Contd... SINGLE-AUTHOR JOURNALARTICLE

20. Thetitleofthejournalisoftenitalicisedorunderlined,withallmajortermscapitalised.Thetitleofthejournalisoftenitalicisedorunderlined,withallmajortermscapitalised. You may offer the issue number or the month/season, but be consistent. An en dash, not a hyphen, is used to distinguish page numberranges. TWO-AUTHOR JOURNALARTICLE After the time following the first author's middle initial, a comma isused. Only the first author's last name is mentionedfirst. Contd...

21. FORTHCOMINGARTICLES This format can be used for works that are supposed to be published but have uncertain year, duration, or pagenumbers.

22. Referencing is a technique for supplying facts to back up arguments and assumptions made in your ownstudy. Citing experts in your profession demonstrates to your marker that you are knowledgeable about the field in which you areworking. CONCLUSION

23. Your citations serve as a map of your discipline's vacuum, allowing you to navigate your way through it in the same way that sailors navigate by thestars. References should always be right, enabling your readers to track down the information sources youused. Keeping track of all the references you used when readingand writing is the best wayto ensure you referencecorrectly.

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